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NAME
Math::Expression::Evaluator - parses, compiles and evaluates mathematic expressions
SYNOPSIS
use Math::Expression::Evaluator;
my $m = Math::Expression::Evaluator->new;
print $m->parse("a = 12; a*3")->val(), "\n";
# prints 36
print $m->parse("2^(a/3)")->val(), "\n";
# prints 8 (ie 2**3)
print $m->parse("a / b")->val({ b => 6 }), "\n";
# prints 36
print $m->parse("log2(16)")->val(), "\n";
# prints 4
# if you care about speed
my $func = $m->parse('2 + (4 * b)')->compiled;
for (0 .. 100){
print $func->({b => $_}), "\n";
}DESCRIPTION
Math::Expression::Evaluator is a parser, compiler and interpreter for mathematical expressions. It can handle normal arithmetics (includings powers wit ^ or **), builtin functions like sin() and variables.
Multiplication *, division / and modulo % have the same precedence, and are evaluated left to right. The modulo operation follows the standard perl semantics, that is is the arguments are castet to integer before preforming the modulo operation.
Multiple exressions can be seperated by whitespaces or by semicolons ';'. In case of multiple expressions the value of the last expression is returned.
Variables can be assigned with a single '=' sign, their name has to start with a alphabetic character or underscore [a-zA-Z_], and may contain alphabetic characters, digits and underscores.
Values for variables can also be provided as a hash ref as a parameter to val(). In case of collision the explicitly provided value is used:
$m->parse("a = 2; a")->val({a => 1}); will return 1, not 2.
The following builtin functions are supported atm:
trignometric functions: sin, cos, tan
inverse trigonomic functions: asin, acos, atan
Square root: sqrt
exponentials: exp, sinh, cosh
logarithms: log, log2, log10
constants: pi() (you need the parenthesis to distinguish it from the variable pi)
rounding: ceil(), floor()
other: theta (theta(x) = 1 for x > 0, theta(x) = 0 for x < 0)
METHODS
- new
-
generates a new MathExpr object. accepts an optional argument, a hash ref that contains configurations. If this hash sets force_semicolon to true, expressions have to be separated by a semicolon ';'.
- parse
-
Takes a string as argument, and generates an Abstract Syntax Tree(AST) that is stored internally.
Returns a reference to the object, so that method calls can be chained:
print MathExpr->new->parse("1+2")->val;Parse failures cause this method to die with a stack trace.
You can call
parseon an existing Math::Expression::Evaluator object to re-use it, in which case previously set variables and callbacks persist between calls.This (perhaps contrived) example explains this:
my $m = Math::Expression::Evaluator->new('a = 3; a'); $m->val(); $m->parse('a + 5'); print $m->val(), "\n" # prints 8, because a = 3 was re-usedIf that's not what you want, create a new object instead - the constructor is rather cheap.
- compiled
-
Returns an anonymous function that is a compiled version of the current expression. It is much faster to execute than the other methods, but its error messages aren't as informative (instead of complaining about a non-existing variable it dies with
Use of uninitialized value in...).Note that variables are not persistent between calls to compiled functions (and it wouldn't make sense anyway, because such a function corresponds always to exactly one expression, not many as a MEE object).
Variables that were stored at the time when
compiled()is called are availble in the compiled function, though. - val
-
Executes the AST generated by parse(), and returns the number that the expression is evaluated to. It accepts an optional hash reference that contain values for variables:
my $m = MathExpr->new; $m->parse("(x - 1) / (x + 1)"); foreach (0 .. 10) { print $_, "\t", $m->val({x => $_}), "\n"; } - optimize
-
Optimizes the internal AST, so that subsequent calls to
val()will be a bit faster. SeeMath::Expression::Evaluator::Optimizerfor performance considerations and informations on the implemented optimizations.But note that a call to
optimize()only pays off if you callval()multiple times. - variables
-
variables()returns a list of variables that are used in the expression. - set_var_callback
-
Allows you to set a callback which the Match::Expression::Evaluator object calls when it can't find a variable. The name of the variable is passed in as the first argument. If the callback function can't handle that variable either, it should die, just like the default one does.
my $m = Math::Expression::Evaluator->new(); $m->parse('1 + a'); my $callback = sub { ord($_[0]) }; $m->set_var_callback($callback); print $m->val(); # calls $callback, which returns 97 # so $m->val() return 98The callback will be called every time the variable is accessed, so if it requires expensive calculations, you are encouraged to cache it either yourself our automatically with Memoize.
- set_function
-
Allows to add a user-defined function, or to override a built-in function.
my $m = Math::Expression::Evaluator->new(); $m->set_function('abs', sub { abs($_[0]) }); $m->parse('abs(10.6)'); print $m->val();If you first compile the expression to a perl closure and then call
<$m-set_function>> again, the compiled function stays unaffected, so$m->set_function('f', sub { 42 }); my $compiled = $m->parse('f')->compiled; $m->set_function('f', sub { -23 }); print $compiled->();print out
42, not-23. - ast_size
-
ast_sizereturns an integer which gives a crude measure of the logical size of the expression. Note that this value isn't guarantueed to be stable across multiple versions of this module. It is mainly intended for testing.
SPEED
MEE isn't as fast as perl, because it is built on top of perl.
If you execute an expression multiple times, it pays off to either optimize it first, or (even better) compile it to a pure perl function.
Rate no_optimize optimize opt_compiled compiled
no_optimize 83.9/s -- -44% -82% -83%
optimize 150/s 78% -- -68% -69%
opt_compiled 472/s 463% 215% -- -4%
compiled 490/s 485% 227% 4% --This shows the time for 200 evaluations of 2+a+5+(3+4) (with MEE 0.0.5). As you can see, the non-optimized version is painfully slow, optimization nearly doubles the execution speed. The compiled and the optimized-and-then-compiled versions are both much faster.
With this example expression the optimization prior to compilation pays off if you evaluate it more than 1000 times. But even if you call it 10**5 times the optimized and compiled version is only 3% faster than the directly compiled one (mostly due to perl's overhead for method calls).
So to summarize you should compile your expresions, and if you have really many iterations it might pay off to optimize it first (or to write your program in C instead ;-).
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
Modulo operator produces an unnecessary big AST, making it relatively slow
INTERNALS
The AST can be accessed as $obj-{ast}>. Its structure is described in Math::Expression::Evaluator::Parser (or you can use Data::Dumper to figure it out for yourself). Note that the exact form of the AST is considered to be an implementation detail, and subject to change.
SEE ALSO
Math::Expression also evaluates mathematical expressions, but also handles string operations.
If you want to do symbolic (aka algebraic) transformations, Math::Symbolic will fit your needs.
LICENSE
This module is free software. You may use, redistribute and modify it under the same terms as perl itself.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2007 - 2009 Moritz Lenz, http://perlgeek.de/, moritz@faui2k3.org
DEVELOPMENT
You can obtain the latest development version from github http://github.com/moritz/math-expression-evaluator.
git clone git://github.com/moritz/math-expression-evaluator.gitIf you want to contribute something to this module, please ask me for a commit bit to the github repository, I'm giving them out freely.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following people have contributed to this module, in no particular order: