NAME

Prima::Drawable::Path - stroke and fill complex paths

DESCRIPTION

The module augments the Prima::Drawable drawing and plotting functionality by implementing paths that allow arbitrary combination of polylines, splines, and arcs, to be used for drawing or clipping shapes.

SYNOPSIS

        # draws elliptic spiral
        my ( $d1, $dx ) = ( 0.8, 0.05 );
        $canvas-> new_path->
                scale(200, 100)->
                rotate(45)->
                arc( 0, 0, $d1 + $dx * 0, $d1 + $dx * 1, 0, 90)->
                arc( 0, 0, $d1 + $dx * 2, $d1 + $dx * 1, 90, 180)->
                arc( 0, 0, $d1 + $dx * 2, $d1 + $dx * 3, 180, 270)->
                arc( 0, 0, $d1 + $dx * 4, $d1 + $dx * 3, 270, 360)->
        stroke;

API

Primitives

All primitives come in two versions, with absolute and relative coordinates. The absolute version draws a graphic primitive so that its starting point (or a reference point) is at (0,0). The relative version, called with an 'r' (f.ex. line vs rline) has its starting point as the ending point of the previous primitive (or (0,0) if there's none).

arc CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, DIAMETER_X, DIAMETER_Y, ANGLE_START, ANGLE_END, TILT = 0

Adds elliptic arc to path centered around (CENTER_X,CENTER_Y).

Important: if the intention is an immediate rendering, especially with 1-pixel line width, consider decreasing diameters by 1. This is because all arc calculations are made with floating point, where diameter is also given not in pixels but in geometrical coordinates, to allow for matrix transformations. Before rendering is performed, arcs are tranformed into spline vertices and then transformation matrix is applied, and by that time the notion of an arc diameter is lost to be successfully converted into pixel size minus one.

close, open

Closes the current shape and opens a new one close() is same as open() but makes sure the shape's first point is equal to its last point.

circular_arc ANGLE_START, ANGLE_END

Adds circular arc to the path. Note that adding transformations will effectively make it into elliptic arc, which is used internally by arc and rarc.

chord CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, DIAMETER_X, DIAMETER_Y, ANGLE_START, ANGLE_END.

Adds chord to the path. Is there only for compatibility with Prima::Drawable.

ellipse CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, DIAMETER_X, DIAMETER_Y = DIAMETER_X, TILT = 0

Adds full ellipse to the path.

glyph INDEX, %OPTIONS

Adds glyph outline to the path. %OPTIONS are passed as is to "renger_glyph" in Prima::Drawable. Note that filled glyphs require fillMode without the fm::Overlay bit set.

line, rline @POINTS

Adds a polyline to path

lines [X1, Y1, X2, Y2]..

Adds set of multiple, unconnected lines to the path. Is there only for compatibility with Prima::Drawable.

moveto, rmoveto X, Y

Stops plotting the current shape and moves the plotting position to X, Y.

rarc DIAMETER_X, DIAMETER_Y, ANGLE_START, ANGLE_END, TILT = 0

Adds elliptic arc to path so that the first point of the arc starts on the last point of the previous primitive, or (0,0) if there's none.

rectangle X1, Y1, X2, Y2

Adds rectangle to the path. Is there only for compatibility with Prima::Drawable.

sector CENTER_X, CENTER_Y, DIAMETER_X, DIAMETER_Y, ANGLE_START, ANGLE_END

Adds sector to the path. Is there only for compatibility with Prima::Drawable.

spline, rspline $POINTS, %OPTIONS.

Adds B-spline to path. See "spline" in Prima::Drawable for %OPTIONS descriptions.

text TEXT, %OPTIONS

Adds TEXT to the path. %OPTIONS are same as in "render_glyph" in Prima::Drawable, except that unicode is deduced automatically based on whether TEXT has utf8 bit on or off; and an extra option cache with a hash can be used to speed up the function with subsequent calls.

Properties

canvas DRAWABLE

Provides access to the attached drawable object

Transformations

Transformation calls change the current path properties (matrix etc) so that all subsequent calls will use them until a call to restore is used. save and restore implement a stacking mechanism, so that local transformations can be made.

The final transformations calculate coordinates the new and the existing matrices:

  P' = NewMatrix * P

matrix A, B, C, D, Tx, Ty

Applies transformation matrix to the path. The matrix, as used by the module, is formed as such:

  A  B  0
  C  D  0
  Tx Ty 1

and when applied to 2D coordinates, is calculated as

  X' = AX + CY + Tx
  Y' = BX + DY + Ty

precision INTEGER

Selects current precision for splines and arcs. See "spline" in Prima::Drawable, precision entry.

restore

Pops the stack entry and replaces the current matrix and graphic properties with it.

rotate ANGLE

Adds rotation to the current matrix

save

Duplicates the current matrix and graphic properties and pushes them to the stack.

shear X, Y = X

Adds shearing to the current matrix

scale X, Y = X

Adds scaling to the current matrix

translate X, Y = X

Adds offset to the current matrix

Operations

These methods perform actual path rendering, that was delayed until that, and will create an array of points that can be used for actual drawing.

clip %options

Returns 1-bit image with clipping mask of the path. %options can be used to pass fillMode property that affects the result of the filled shape.

contours

Same as points but further reduces lines into a 8-connected set of points, suitable to be traced pixel-by-pixel.

extents

Returns 2 points that box the path.

last_matrix

Return CTM resulted after running all commands

fill fillMode=undef

Paints a filled shape over the path. If fillMode is set, it is used instead of the one selected on the canvas.

flatten PRESCALE

Returns new objects where arcs are flattened into lines. The lines are rasterized with scaling factor that is as close as possible to the device pixels, to be suitable for direct send to the polyline() API call. If PRESCALE factor is set, it is used instead to premultiply coordinates of arc anchor points used to render the lines.

points FOR_FILL_POLY=0

Runs all accumulated commands, and returns rendered set of points, suitable for further calls to either Prima::Drawable::polyline or Prima::Drawable::fillpoly depending on the FOR_FILL_POLY flag.

region MODE=fm::Winding|fm::Overlay, RGNOP=rgnop::Union

Creates a region object from polygonal shape. If MODE is set, applies fill mode (see "fillMode" in Prima::Drawable for more); if RGNOP is set, applies region set operation (see "combine" in Prima::Region).

stroke

Draws a polyline over the path

widen %OPTIONS

Expands path into a new path object containing outlines of the original path as if drawn with selected line properties. lineWidth, lineEnd, lineJoin, linePattern are read from %OPTIONS, or from the attached canvas when available. Supports miterLimit option with values from 0 to 20.

Note: if the intention is to immediately render lines, decrease lineWidth by 1 (they are 1 pixel wider because paths are built around assumption that pixel size is 0, which makes them scalable).

Methods for custom primitives

append PATH

Copies all commands from another PATH object. The PATH object doesn't need to have balanced stacking brackets save and restore, and can be viewed as a macro.

identity

Returns identity matrix

matrix_apply @POINTS

Applies current matrix to POINTS, returns the transformed points. If @POINTS is a list, returns list; if it is an array reference, returns array reference.

AUTHOR

Dmitry Karasik, <dmitry@karasik.eu.org>.

SEE ALSO

Prima::Drawable