Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton -- growth of a 2-D cellular automaton
use Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton; my $path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new; my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This is the pattern of a cellular automaton studied by Ulam and Warburton, numbering cells by growth level and anti-clockwise within their level.
94 9 95 87 93 8 63 7 64 42 62 6 65 30 61 5 66 43 31 23 29 41 60 4 69 67 14 59 57 3 70 44 68 15 7 13 58 40 56 2 96 71 32 16 3 12 28 55 92 1 97 88 72 45 33 24 17 8 4 1 2 6 11 22 27 39 54 86 91 <- Y=0 98 73 34 18 5 10 26 53 90 -1 74 46 76 19 9 21 50 38 52 ... -2 75 77 20 85 51 -3 78 47 35 25 37 49 84 -4 79 36 83 -5 80 48 82 -6 81 -7 99 89 101 -8 100 -9 ^ -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The rule is that a given cell grows up, down, left and right, but only if the new cell has no neighbours (up, down, left or right). So the initial cell "a" is N=1,
a initial level 0 cell
The next level "b" cells are numbered N=2 to N=5 anti-clockwise from the right,
b b a b level 1 b
Likewise the next level "c" cells N=6 to N=9. The "b" cells only grow outwards as 4 "c"s since the other positions would have neighbours in the existing "b"s.
c b c b a b c level 2 b c
The "d" cells are then N=10 to N=21, numbered following the previous level "c" cell order and then anti-clockwise around each.
d d c d d b d d c b a b c d level 3 d b d d c d d
There's only 4 "e" cells since among the "d"s only the X,Y axes won't have existing neighbours (the "b"s and "d"s).
e d d c d d b d e d c b a b c d e level 4 d b d d c d d e
In general each level always grows by 1 along the X and Y axes and travels into the quarter planes between with a sort of diamond shaped tree pattern which fills 11 cells of each 4x4 square block.
Counting level 0 as the N=1 at the origin and level 1 as the next N=2,3,4,5 generation, the number of new cells added in a growth level is
levelcells(0) = 1 then levelcells(level) = 4 * 3^((count 1 bits in level) - 1)
So level 1 has 4*3^0=4 cells, as does level 2 N=6,7,8,9. Then level 3 has 4*3^1=12 cells N=10 to N=21 because 3=0b11 has two 1-bits in binary. The N start and end for a level is the cumulative total of those before it,
Ndepth(level) = 1 + (levelcells(0) + ... + levelcells(level-1)) Nend(level) = levelcells(0) + ... + levelcells(level)
For example level 3 ends at N=(1+4+4)=9.
level Ndepth levelcells Nend 0 1 1 1 1 2 4 5 2 6 4 9 3 10 12 21 4 22 4 25 5 26 12 37 6 38 12 49 7 50 36 85 8 86 4 89 9 90 12 101
For a power-of-2 level the Ndepth is
Ndepth(2^a) = 2 + 4*(4^a-1)/3
For example level=4=2^2 starts at N=2+4*(4^2-1)/3=22, or level=8=2^3 starts N=2+4*(4^3-1)/3=86.
Further bits in the level value contribute powers-of-4 with a tripling for each bit above. So if the level number has bits a,b,c,d,etc in descending order,
level = 2^a + 2^b + 2^c + 2^d ... a>b>c>d... Ndepth = 2 + 4*(-1 + 4^a + 3 * 4^b + 3^2 * 4^c + 3^3 * 4^d + ... ) / 3
For example level=6 = 2^2+2^1 is Ndepth = 2 + (1+4*(4^2-1)/3) + 4^(1+1) = 38. Or level=7 = 2^2+2^1+2^0 is Ndepth = 1 + (1+4*(4^2-1)/3) + 4^(1+1) + 3*4^(0+1) = 50.
The diamond shape growth up to a level 2^a repeats three times. For example an "a" part going to the right,
d d d d a d c a a a * c c c ... a b c b b b b
The 2x2 diamond shaped "a" repeats pointing up, down and right as "b", "c" and "d". This resulting 4x4 diamond then likewise repeats up, down and right. The points in the path here are numbered by growth level rather than in this sort of replication, but the replication helps to see the structure of the pattern.
Option parts => '2' confines the pattern to the upper half plane Y>=0,
parts => '2'
Y>=0
parts => "2" 28 6 21 5 29 22 16 20 27 4 11 3 30 12 6 10 26 2 23 13 3 9 19 1 31 24 17 14 7 4 1 2 5 8 15 18 25 <- Y=0 -------------------------------------- -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Points are still numbered anti-clockwise around so X axis N=1,2,5,8,15,etc is the first of each level and X negative axis N=1,4,7,14,etc is the last.
Within a row a line from point N to N+1 is always a 45-degree angle. This is true of each 3 direct children, but also across groups of children by symmetry. For this parts=2 the lines from the last of one row to the first of the next are horizontal, making an attractive pattern of diagonals and then across to the next row horizontally. For parts=4 or parts=1 the last to first lines are at various different slopes and so upsets the pattern.
Option parts => '1' confines the pattern to the first quadrant,
parts => '1'
parts => "1" 14 | 73 13 | 63 12 | 53 62 72 11 | 49 10 | 39 48 71 9 | 35 47 61 8 | 31 34 38 46 52 60 70 7 | 29 45 59 6 | 19 28 69 67 5 | 15 27 57 4 | 11 14 18 26 68 58 51 56 66 3 | 9 25 23 43 2 | 5 8 24 17 22 44 37 42 65 1 | 3 7 13 21 33 41 55 Y=0 | 1 2 4 6 10 12 16 20 30 32 36 40 50 54 64 +----------------------------------------------- X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
X axis N=1,2,4,6,10,etc is the first of each depth level and Y axis N=1,3,5,9,11,etc is the last.
In this arrangement horizontal arms have even N and vertical arms have odd N. For example the vertical at X=8 N=30,33,37,etc has N odd and when it turns to horizontal at N=42 or N=56 it becomes N even. The children of N=66 are not shown but the verticals from there are N=79 below and N=81 above and so are odd again.
This odd/even pattern is true of N=2 horizontal and N=3 vertical and thereafter is true due to each row having an even number of points and the self-similar replications in the pattern,
|\ replication | \ block 0 to 1 and 3 |3 \ and block 0 block 2 less sides |---- |\ 2|\ | \ | \ |0 \|1 \ ---------
Block 0 is the base and is replicated as block 1 and in reverse as block 3. Block 2 is a further copy of block 0, but the two halves of block 0 rotated inward 90 degrees, so the X axis of block 0 becomes the vertical of block 2, and the Y axis of block 0 the horizontal of block 2. Those axis parts are dropped since they're already covered by block 1 and 3 and dropping them flips the odd/even parity to match the vertical/horizontal flip due to the 90-degree rotation.
The default is to number points starting N=1 as shown above. An optional n_start can give a different start, in the same pattern. For example to start at 0,
n_start
n_start => 0 29 5 30 22 28 4 13 3 14 6 12 2 31 15 2 11 27 1 32 23 16 7 3 0 1 5 10 21 26 <- Y=0 33 17 4 9 25 -1 18 8 20 37 -2 19 -3 34 24 36 -4 35 -5 ^ -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new ()
$path = Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburton->new (parts => $str, n_start => $n)
Create and return a new path object. The parts option (a string) can be
parts
"4" the default "2" "1"
@n_children = $path->tree_n_children($n)
Return the children of $n, or an empty list if $n has no children (including when $n < 1, ie. before the start of the path).
$n
$n < 1
The children are the cells turned on adjacent to $n at the next level. The way points are numbered means that when there's multiple children they're consecutive N values, for example at N=6 the children are 10,11,12.
$num = $path->tree_n_num_children($n)
Return the number of children of $n, or return undef if $n<n_start() (ie. before the start of the path).
undef
$n<n_start()
parts possible num children ----- --------------------- 4 0, 3, 4 2 0, 2, 3 1 0, 2, 3
parts=4 has 4 children at the origin N=0 and thereafter either 0 or 3. parts=2 or parts=1 can have 2 children on the boundaries where what would be a 3rd child is chopped off.
$n_parent = $path->tree_n_parent($n)
Return the parent node of $n, or undef if $n <= 1 (the start of the path).
$n <= 1
This cellular automaton is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as
http://oeis.org/A147582 (etc) parts=4 A147562 total cells to depth, being tree_depth_to_n() n_start=0 A147582 added cells at depth parts=2 A183060 total cells to depth=n in half plane A183061 added cells at depth=n parts=1 A151922 total cells to depth=n in quadrant A079314 added cells at depth=n
The A147582 new cells sequence starts from n=1, so takes the innermost N=1 single cell as level n=1, then N=2,3,4,5 as level n=2 with 5 cells, etc. This makes the formula a binary 1-bits count on n-1 rather than on N the way levelcells() above is expressed.
The 1-bits-count power 3^(count 1-bits in level) part of the levelcells() is also separately in A048883, and as n-1 in A147610.
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::UlamWarburtonQuarter, Math::PlanePath::LCornerTree, Math::PlanePath::CellularRule
Math::PlanePath::SierpinskiTriangle (a similar binary 1s-count related level calculation)
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
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cpanm
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CPAN shell
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