Math::PlanePath::ChanTree -- tree of rationals
use Math::PlanePath::ChanTree; my $path = Math::PlanePath::ChanTree->new (k => 3, reduced => 0); my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This path enumerates rationals X/Y in a tree by Song Heng Chan.
"Analogs of the Stern Sequence", Integers 2011, http://www.integers-ejcnt.org/l26/l26.pdf
The default k=3 visits X,Y with one odd one even and perhaps a common factor 3^m.
14 | 728 20 12 13 | 53 11 77 27 12 | 242 14 18 11 | 10 | 80 9 | 17 23 9 15 8 | 26 78 7 | 6 | 8 24 28 5 | 5 3 19 4 | 2 6 10 22 3 | 2 | 0 4 16 52 1 | 1 7 25 79 241 727 Y=0 | +-------------------------------------------------------- X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
There are 2 roots (so technically it's a "forest") and each node has 3 children. The points are numbered by rows starting from N=0. This numbering corresponds to powers in a polynomial product generating function.
N=0 to 1 1/2 2/1 / | \ / | \ N=2 to 7 1/4 4/5 5/2 2/5 5/4 4/1 / | \ ... ... ... ... / | \ N=8 to 25 1/6 6/9 9/4 ... ... 5/9 9/6 6/1 N=26 ...
The children of each node are
X/Y ------------/ | \----------- | | | X/(2X+Y) (2X+Y)/(X+2Y) (X+2Y)/Y
Which as X,Y coordinates means vertical, 45-degree diagonal, and horizontal.
X,Y+2X X+(X+Y),Y+(X+Y) | / | / | / | / X,Y------- X+2Y,Y
The slowest growth is on the far left of the tree 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, etc advancing by just 2 at each level. Similarly on the far right 2/1, 4/1, 6/1, etc. This means that to cover such an X or Y requires a power-of-3, N=3^(max(X,Y)/2).
Chan shows that these top nodes and children visit all rationals X/Y with X,Y one odd one even. But the X,Y are not in least terms, they may have a power-of-3 common factor GCD(X,Y)=3^m.
The GCD is unchanged in the first and third children. The middle child GCD might gain an extra factor 3. This means the power is at most the count of ternary 1-digits of its position in the row.
GCD(X,Y) = 3^m m <= count ternary 1-digits of N+1 excluding high digit
As per "N Start" below, N+1 in ternary has high digit 1 or 2 which indicates the tree root. Ignoring that high digit gives an offset into the row of that tree and the digits are 0,1,2 for left,middle,right.
For example the first GCD is at N=9 with X=6,Y=9 common factor GCD=3. N+1=10="101" ternary, which without the high digit is "01" which has a single "1" so GCD <= 3^1. The mirror image of this point is X=9,Y=6 at N=24 and there N+1=24+1=25="221" ternary which without the high digit is "21" with a single 1-digit likewise.
For various points the power m is equal to the count 1-digits.
The k => $integer parameter controls the number of children and top nodes. There are k-1 top nodes and each node has k children. The top nodes are
k => $integer
k odd, list of k-1 tops, with h=ceil(k/2) 1/2 2/3 3/4 ... (h-1)/h h/(h-1) ... 4/3 3/2 2/1 k even, list of k-1 tops, with h=k/2 1/2 2/3 3/4 ... (h-1)/h h/h h/(h-1) ... 4/3 3/2 2/1
Notice the list for k odd or k even is the same except that when k even there's an extra middle term h/h. The first few tops are as follows, spreading the list in each row to show how successive bigger h adds terms in the middle.
k X/Y top nodes --- --------------------------------- k=2 1/1 k=3 1/2 2/1 k=4 1/2 2/2 2/1 k=5 1/2 2/3 3/2 2/1 k=6 1/2 2/3 3/3 3/2 2/1 k=7 1/2 2/3 3/4 4/3 3/2 2/1 k=8 1/2 2/3 3/4 4/4 4/3 3/2 2/1
As X,Y coordinates these tops are a run up along X=Y-1 and back down along X=Y+1, with a middle X=Y if k even. For example,
7 | 5 k=13 top nodes N=0 to N=11 6 | 4 6 (total 12 top nodes) 5 | 3 7 4 | 2 8 3 | 1 9 2 | 0 10 1 | 11 Y=0 | +------------------------------ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 k=14 top nodes N=0 to N=12 7 | 5 6 (total 13 top nodes) 6 | 4 7 5 | 3 8 N=6 is the 7/7 middle term 4 | 2 9 3 | 1 10 2 | 0 11 1 | 12 Y=0 | +------------------------------ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Each node has k children. The formulas for the children can be seen from sample cases k=5 and k=6. A node X/Y descends to
k=5 k=6 1X+0Y / 2X+1Y 1X+0Y / 2X+1Y 2X+1Y / 3X+2Y 2X+1Y / 3X+2Y 3X+2Y / 2X+3Y 3X+2Y / 3X+3Y 2X+3Y / 1X+2Y 3X+3Y / 2X+3Y 1X+2Y / 0X+1Y 2X+3Y / 1X+2Y 1X+2Y / 0X+1Y
The coefficients of X and Y run up to h=ceil(k/2) starting from either 0, 1 or 2 and ending 2, 1 or 0. When k is even there's two h coeffs in the middle, when k is odd there's just one. The resulting tree for example with k=4 is
k=4 1/2 2/2 2/1 / \ / \ / \ 1/4 4/6 6/5 5/2 2/6 6/8 8/6 6/2 2/5 5/6 6/4 4/1
Chan shows that this combination of top nodes and children visits
if k odd: rationals X/Y with X,Y one odd one even possible GCD(X,Y)=k^m for some integer m if k even: all rationals X/Y possible GCD(X,Y) a divisor of (k/2)^m
When k odd GCD(X,Y) is a power of k. As noted above k=3 is a possible power-of-3. When k even GCD(X,Y) is a divisor of (k/2)^m, but not necessarily a full such power. For example with k=12 the first such non-power GCD is at N=17 where X=16,Y=18 has GCD(16,18)=2 which is only a divisor of k/2=6, not a full power of 6.
The n_start => $n option can select a different initial N. The tree structure is unchanged, just the numbering shifted. As noted above the default Nstart=0 corresponds to powers in a generating function.
n_start => $n
n_start=>1 makes the numbering correspond to digits of N written in base-k. For example k=10 with N in decimal,
n_start=>1
N=1 to 9 1/2 ... ... 2/1 N=10 to 99 1/4 4/7 ... ... 7/4 4/1 N=100 to 999 1/6 6/11 ... ... 11/6 6/1
In general n_start=>1 makes the tree
N in base-k digits depth = numdigits(N)-1 NdepthStart = k^depth = 100..000 base-k, high 1 in high digit position of N N-NdepthStart = position across whole row of all top trees
And the high digit of N selects which top-level tree the given N is under, so
N in base-k digits top tree = high digit of N (1 to k, selecting the k-1 many top nodes) Nrem = digits of N after the highest = position across row within the high-digit tree depth = numdigits(Nrem) # top node depth=0 = numdigits(N)-1
Each denominator Y becomes the numerator X in the next point. The last Y of a row becomes the first X of the next row. This is a generalization of Stern's diatomic sequence and of the Calkin-Wilf tree of rationals. (See Math::::NumSeq::SternDiatomic and "Calkin-Wilf Tree" in Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree.)
The case k=2 is in fact precisely the Calkin-Wilf tree. There's just one top node 1/1, being the even k "middle" form h/h with h=k/2=1 described above. Then there's two children of each node ("middle" pair of even k),
k=2, Calkin-Wilf tree X/Y / \ (1X+0Y)/(1X+1Y) (1X+1Y)/(0X+1Y) = X/(X+Y) = (X+Y)/Y
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::ChanTree->new ()
$path = Math::PlanePath::ChanTree->new (k => $k, n_start => $n)
Create and return a new path object. The defaults are k=3 and n_start=0.
$n = $path->n_start()
Return the first N in the path. This is 0 by default, otherwise the n_start parameter.
n_start
$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)
Return the point number for coordinates $x,$y. If there's nothing at $x,$y then return undef.
$x,$y
undef
Each point has k children, so the path is a complete k-ary tree.
@n_children = $path->tree_n_children($n)
Return the children of $n, or an empty list if $n < n_start(), ie. before the start of the path.
$n
$n < n_start()
$num = $path->tree_n_num_children($n)
Return k, since every node has k children. Or return undef if $n < n_start(), ie. before the start of the path.
$n_parent = $path->tree_n_parent($n)
Return the parent node of $n, or undef if $n has no parent either because it's a top node or before n_start().
n_start()
$n_root = $path->tree_n_root ($n)
Return the N which is root node of $n.
$depth = $path->tree_n_to_depth($n)
Return the depth of node $n, or undef if there's no point $n. The tree tops are depth=0, then their children depth=1, etc.
$n = $path->tree_depth_to_n($depth)
$n = $path->tree_depth_to_n_end($depth)
Return the first or last N at tree level $depth in the path. The top of the tree is depth=0.
$depth
$num = $path->tree_num_roots ()
Return the number of root nodes in $path, which is k-1. For example the default k=3 return 2 as there are two root nodes.
$path
@n_list = $path->tree_root_n_list ()
Return a list of the N values which are the root nodes of $path. This is n_start() through n_start()+k-2 inclusive, being the first k-1 many points. For example in the default k=2 and Nstart=0 the return is two values (0,1).
n_start()+k-2
(0,1)
$num = $path->tree_num_children_minimum()
$num = $path->tree_num_children_maximum()
Return k since every node has k many children, making that both the minimum and maximum.
$bool = $path->tree_any_leaf()
Return false, since there are no leaf nodes in the tree.
For the default k=3 the children are
3N+2, 3N+3, 3N+4 n_start=0
If n_start=>1 then instead
3N, 3N+1, 3N+2 n_start=1
This latter is like appending an extra ternary digit, or base-k digit
k*N, k*N+1, ... , k*N+(k-1) n_start=1
In general for k and Nstart the children are
kN - (k-1)*(Nstart-1) + 0 ... kN - (k-1)*(Nstart-1) + k-1
The parent node reverses the children calculation above. The simplest case is n_start=>1 where it's a division to remove the lowest base-k digit
parent = floor(N/k) when n_start=1
For other n_start adjust before and after to an Nstart=1 basis,
parent = floor((N-(Nstart-1)) / k) + Nstart-1
For example in the default k=0 Nstart=1 the parent of N=3 is floor((3-(1-1))/3)=1.
The post-adjustment can be worked into the formula with a (k-1)*(Nstart-1) similar to the children above,
parent = floor((N + (k-1)*(Nstart-1)) / k)
The first style is more convenient to compare to see that N is past the top nodes and therefore has a parent.
N-(Nstart-1) >= k to check N is past top-nodes
As described under "N Start" above, if Nstart=1 then the tree root is simply the most significant base-k digit of N. For other Nstart an adjustment is made to N=1 style and back again.
adjust = Nstart-1 Nroot(N) = high_base_k_digit(N-adjust) + adjust
The structure of the tree means
depth = floor(logk(N+1)) for n_start=0
For example if k=3 then N=8 through N=25 all have depth=floor(log3(N+1))=2. With an n_start it becomes
depth = floor(logk(N-(Nstart-1)))
n_start=>1 is the simplest case, being the length of N written in base-k digits.
depth = floor(logk(N)) for n_start=1
This tree is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as
http://oeis.org/A191379 (etc) k=3, n_start=0 (the defaults) A191379 X coordinate, and Y=X(N+n)
As noted above k=2 is the Calkin-Wilf tree. See "OEIS" in Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree for "CW" related sequences.
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::RationalsTree, Math::PlanePath::PythagoreanTree
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
Copyright 2012, 2013 Kevin Ryde
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