Math::PlanePath::BetaOmega -- 2x2 half-plane traversal
use Math::PlanePath::BetaOmega; my $path = Math::PlanePath::BetaOmega->new; my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This is an integer version of the Beta-Omega curve by Jens-Michael Wierum. It makes a 2x2 self-similar traversal of a half plane X>=0.
5 25--26 29--30 33--34 37--38 | | | | | | | | 4 24 27--28 31--32 35--36 39 | | 3 23 20--19--18 45--44--43 40 | | | | | | 2 22--21 16--17 46--47 42--41 | | 1 1-- 2 15--14 49--48 53--54 | | | | | | Y=0-> 0 3 12--13 50--51--52 55 | | | -1 5-- 4 11--10 61--60--59 56 | | | | | -2 6-- 7-- 8-- 9 62--63 58--57 | -3 ... X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Each level extends square parts 2^level x 2^level alternately up or down. The initial N=0 to N=3 extends upwards from Y=0 and exits the block downwards at N=3. N=4 extends downwards and goes around back upwards to exit N=15. N=16 then extends upwards through to N=63 which exits downwards, etc.
The curve is named for the two base shapes
Beta Omega *---* *---* | | | | --* * --* *-- |
The beta is made from three betas and an omega sub-parts. The omega is made from four betas. In each case the sub-parts are suitably rotated, transposed or reversed, so expanding to
*---*---*---* *---*---*---* | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* | | | | --* * *---* --* * * *-- | | | | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* |
The sub-parts represent -smaller substitutions, which has the effect of making the start a beta going alternately up or down. For this integer version the start direction is kept fixed as a beta going upwards and the higher levels then alternate up and down from there.
Reckoning the initial N=0 to N=3 as level 1, a replication level extends to
Nlevel = 4^level - 1 Xmin = 0 Xmax = 2^level - 1 Ymin = - (4^floor(level/2) - 1) * 2 / 3 = binary 1010...10 Ymax = (4^ceil(level/2) - 1) / 3 = binary 10101...01 height = Ymax - Ymin = 2^level - 1
The Y range increases alternately above and below by a power of 2, so the result for Ymin and Ymax is a 1 bit going alternately to Ymax and Ymin, starting with Ymax for level 1.
level Ymin binary Ymax binary ----- -------------- ------------- 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 = 1 2 -2 = -10 1 = 01 3 -2 = -010 5 = 101 4 -10 = -1010 5 = 0101 5 -10 = -01010 21 = 10101 6 -42 = -101010 21 = 010101 7 -42 = -0101010 85 = 1010101
The power of 4 divided by 3 formulas above for Ymin/Ymax have the effect of producing alternating bit patterns like this.
For odd levels -Ymin/height approaches 1/3 and Ymax/height approaches 2/3, ie. the start point is about 1/3 up the total extent. For even levels it's the other way around, with -Ymin/height approaching 2/3 and Ymax/height approaching 1/3.
Wierum's idea for the curve is a closed square made from four betas,
*---* *---* | | | | * *-- --* * | | | | * *-- --* * | | | | *---* *---*
And at the next expansion level
*---*---*---* *---*---*---* | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* | | | | *---* * *-- --* * *---* | | | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* | | | | | | *---* * *-- --* * *---* | | | | *---* *---* *---* *---* | | | | *---*---*---* *---*---*---*
The code here could be used for that by choosing a level and applying four copies of the path suitably mirrored and offset in X and Y.
For an odd level, the path N=0 to N=4^level-1 here is the top-right quarter, entering on the left and exiting downwards. For an even level it's the bottom-right shape instead, exiting upwards. The difference arises because when taking successively greater detail sub-parts the initial direction alternates up or down, but in the code here it's kept fixed (as noted above).
The start point here is also fixed at Y=0, so an offset Ymin must be applied if say the centre of the sections is to be Y=0 instead of the side entry point.
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::BetaOmega->new ()
Create and return a new path object.
($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if $n < 0 then the return is an empty list.
$n
$n < 0
($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->rect_to_n_range ($x1,$y1, $x2,$y2)
The returned range is exact, meaning $n_lo and $n_hi are the smallest and biggest in the rectangle.
$n_lo
$n_hi
Each 2 bits of N become a bit each for X and Y in a "U" arrangement, but which way around is determined by sub-part orientation and beta/omega type per above,
beta rotation 4 of transpose 2 of reverse 2 of omega rotation 4 of transpose 2 of ---- total states 24 = 4*2*2 + 4*2
The omega pattern is symmetrical so its reverse is the same, hence only rotate and transpose forms for it. Omitting omega reverse reduces the states from 32 to 24, saving a little space in a table driven approach. But if using separate variables for rotate, transpose and reverse then the reverse can be kept for both beta and omega without worrying that it makes no difference in the omega.
Adding bits to Y produces a positive value measured up from Ymin(level), where level is the number of base 4 digits in N. That Ymin can be incorporated by adding -(2^level) for each even level. A table driven calculation can work that in as for example
digit = N base 4 digits from high to low xbit = digit_to_x[state,digit] ybit = digit_to_y[state,digit] state = next_state[state,digit] X += 2^level * xbit Y += 2^level * (ybit - !(level&1))
The (ybit-!(level&1)) means either 0,1 or -1,0. Another possibility there would be to have -!(level&1) in the digit_to_y[] table, doubling the states so as to track the odd/even level within the state and having the digit_to_y[] as -1,0 in the even and 0,1 in the odd.
If N includes a fractional part, it can be put on a line towards the next integer point by taking the direction as at the least significant non-3 digit.
If the least significant base 4 digit is 3 then the direction along the curve is determined by the curve part above. For example at N=7 (13 base 4) it's rightwards as per the inverted beta which is the N=4 towards N=8 part of the surrounding pattern. Or likewise N=11 (23 base 4) in the N=8 to N=12 direction.
| 0 12-- 5---4 | | | | | 6---7-- ... 4-----8
If all digits are 3 base 4, which is N=3, N=15, N=63, etc, then the direction is down for an odd number of digits, up for an even number. So N=3 downwards, N=15 upwards, N=63 downwards, etc.
This curve direction calculation might be of interest in its own right, not merely to apply a fractional N as done in the code here. There's nothing offered for that in the PlanePath modules as such. For it the X,Y values can be ignored just follow the state or orientations changes using the base 4 digits of N.
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::HilbertCurve, Math::PlanePath::PeanoCurve
Jens-Michael Wierum "Definition of a New Circular Space-Filling Curve: Beta-Omega-Indexing", Technical Report TR-001-02, Paderborn Center for Parallel Computing, March 2002.
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.18.3487 (cached copy)
Jens-Michael Wierum, "Logarithmic Path-Length in Space-Filling Curves", 14th Canadian Conference on Computational Geometry (CCCG'02), 2002.
http://www.cccg.ca/proceedings/2002/ http://www.cccg.ca/proceedings/2002/27.ps [shorter] http://www.cccg.ca/proceedings/2002/27l.ps [longer]
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
Copyright 2011, 2012 Kevin Ryde
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