Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot -- points of triangular lattice in order of hypotenuse distance
use Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot; my $path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new; my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This path visits X,Y points on a triangular "A2" lattice in order of their distance from the origin 0,0 and anti-clockwise around from the X axis among those of equal distance.
58 47 39 46 57 4 48 34 23 22 33 45 3 40 24 16 9 15 21 38 2 49 25 10 4 3 8 20 44 1 35 17 5 1 2 14 32 <- Y=0 50 26 11 6 7 13 31 55 -1 41 27 18 12 19 30 43 -2 51 36 28 29 37 54 -3 60 52 42 53 61 -4 ^ -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
The lattice is put on a square X,Y grid using every second point per "Triangular Lattice" in Math::PlanePath. Scaling X/2,Y*sqrt(3)/2 gives equilateral triangles of side length 1 making a distance from X,Y to the origin
dist^2 = (X/2^2 + (Y*sqrt(3)/2)^2 = (X^2 + 3*Y^2) / 4
For example N=19 at X=2,Y=-2 is sqrt((2**2+3*-2**2)/4) = sqrt(4) from the origin. The next smallest after that is X=5,Y=1 at sqrt(7). The key part is X^2 + 3*Y^2 as the distance measure to order the points.
Points with the same distance are taken in anti-clockwise order around from the X axis. For example N=14 at X=4,Y=0 is sqrt(4) from the origin, and so are the rotated X=2,Y=2 and X=-2,Y=2 etc in other sixth segments, for a total 6 points N=14 to N=19 all the same distance.
Symmetry makes either 6 or 12 points with the same distance so the count of those same-distance points is always multiple of 6 or 12. There are 6 symmetric points when on the six radial lines X=0, X=Y or X=-Y, or on the lines Y=0, X=3*Y or X=-3*Y which are midway between them. And there's 12 symmetric points for anything else, ie. anything in the twelve slices between those twelve lines. For example the first 12 equal is N=20 to N=31 all at sqrt(28).
There can also be further ways for the same distance to arise, multiple solutions to X^2+3*Y^3=d^2, but the 6-way or 12-way symmetry means there's always a multiple of 6 or 12 in total.
Option points => "odd" visits just the odd points, meaning sum X+Y odd, which is X,Y one odd the other even.
points => "odd"
points => "odd" 69 5 66 50 45 44 49 65 4 58 40 28 25 27 39 57 3 54 32 20 12 11 19 31 53 2 36 16 6 3 5 15 35 1 46 24 10 2 1 9 23 43 <- Y=0 37 17 7 4 8 18 38 -1 55 33 21 13 14 22 34 56 -2 59 41 29 26 30 42 60 -3 67 51 47 48 52 68 -4 70 -5 ^ -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Option points => "all" visits all integer X,Y points.
points => "all"
points => "all" 64 59 49 44 48 58 63 3 69 50 39 30 25 19 24 29 38 47 68 2 51 35 20 13 8 4 7 12 18 34 46 1 65 43 31 17 9 3 1 2 6 16 28 42 62 <- Y=0 52 36 21 14 10 5 11 15 23 37 57 -1 70 53 40 32 26 22 27 33 41 56 71 -2 66 60 54 45 55 61 67 -3 ^ -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Option points => "hex" visits X,Y points making a hexagonal grid,
points => "hex"
points => "hex" 50----42 49----59 5 / \ / \ 51----39 27----33 48 4 / \ / \ / 43 22----15 21----32 3 \ / \ / \ 28----16 6----11 26----41 2 / \ / \ / \ 52----34 7---- 3 5----14 47 1 / \ / \ / \ / 60 23----12 1-----2 20----38 <- Y=0 \ / \ / \ / \ 53----35 8---- 4 10----19 58 -1 \ / \ / \ / 29----17 9----13 31----46 -2 / \ / \ / 44 24----18 25----37 -3 \ / \ / \ 54----40 30----36 57 -4 \ / \ / 55----45 56----61 -5 ^ -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N=1 is at the origin X=0,Y=0, then N=2,3,4 are all at X^2+3Y^2=4 away from the origin, etc. (The joining lines show the grid pattern, but points are still taken in order of distance from the origin, not following the line segments.)
The points are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 0 or 2. This is a subset of the "even" points in that X+Y is even but with 1 of each 3 points skipped to make the hexagonal outline.
Option points => "hex_rotated" is the same hexagonal points but rotated around so N=2 is at +60 degrees instead of on the X axis.
points => "hex_rotated"
points => "hex_rotated" 60----50 42----49 5 / \ / \ 51 33----27 38----48 4 \ / \ / \ 34----22 15----21 41 3 / \ / \ / 43----28 12-----6 14----26 2 / \ / \ / \ 52 16-----7 2-----5 32----47 1 \ / \ / \ / \ 39----23 3-----1 11----20 59 <- Y=0 / \ / \ / \ / 53 17-----8 4----10 37----58 -1 \ / \ / \ / 44----29 13-----9 19----31 -2 \ / \ / \ 35----24 18----25 46 -3 / \ / \ / 54 36----30 40----57 -4 \ / \ / 61----55 45----56 -5 ^ -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Points are still numbered from the X axis clockwise. The sets of points at equal hypotenuse distances are the same as plain "hex" but the numbering is changed by the rotation.
The points visited are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 0 or 4. This grid can be viewed either as a +60 degree or a +180 degree rotation of the plain hex.
Option points => "hex_centred" is the same hexagonal grid as hex above, but with the origin X=0,Y=0 in the centre of a hexagon,
points => "hex_centred"
points => "hex_centred" 46----45 5 / \ 39----28 27----38 4 / \ / \ 47----29 16----15 26----44 3 / \ / \ / \ 48 17-----9 8----14 43 2 \ / \ / \ / 30----18 3-----2 13----25 1 / \ / \ / \ 40 10-----4 1-----7 37 <- Y=0 \ / \ / \ / 31----19 5-----6 24----36 -1 / \ / \ / \ 49 20----11 12----23 54 -2 \ / \ / \ / 50----32 21----22 35----53 -3 \ / \ / 41----33 34----42 -4 \ / 51----52 -5 ^ -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
N=1,2,3,4,5,6 are all at X^2+3Y^2=4 away from the origin, then N=7,8,9,10,11,12, etc. The points visited are all integer X,Y with X+3Y mod 6 == 2 or 4.
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new ()
$path = Math::PlanePath::TriangularHypot->new (points => $str)
Create and return a new hypot path object. The points option can be
points
"even" only points with X+Y even (the default) "odd" only points with X+Y odd "all" all integer X,Y "hex" hexagonal X+3Y==0,2 mod 6 "hex_rotated" hexagonal X+3Y==0,4 mod 6 "hex_centred" hexagonal X+3Y==2,4 mod 6
Create and return a new triangular hypot path object.
($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path.
$n
For $n < 1 the return is an empty list as the first point at X=0,Y=0 is N=1.
$n < 1
Currently it's unspecified what happens if $n is not an integer. Successive points are a fair way apart, so it may not make much sense to say give an X,Y position in between the integer $n.
$n = $path->xy_to_n ($x,$y)
Return an integer point number for coordinates $x,$y. Each integer N is considered the centre of a unit square and an $x,$y within that square returns N.
$x,$y
For "even" and "odd" options only every second square in the plane has an N and if $x,$y is a position not covered then the return is undef.
undef
Entries in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences related to this path include,
http://oeis.org/A035019 points="even" (the default) A003136 norms (X^2+3*Y^2)/4 which occur A004016 count of points of norm==n A035019 skipping zero counts A088534 counting only in the twelfth 0<=X<=Y
The counts in these sequences are expressed as norm = x^2+x*y+y^2. That x,y is related to the "even" X,Y on the path here by a -45 degree rotation,
x = (Y-X)/2 X = 2*(x+y) y = (X+Y)/2 Y = 2*(y-x) norm = x^2+x*y+y^2 = ((Y-X)/2)^2 + (Y-X)/2 * (X+Y)/2 + ((X+Y)/2)^2 = (X^2 + 3*Y^2) / 4
X^2+3*Y^2 is the dist^2 described above for equilateral triangles of unit side. The factor of /4 doesn't affect the count of how many points.
points="all" A092572 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur A158937 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur, X>0,Y>0 with repeats A092573 count of points norm==n for X>0,Y>0 A092574 norms X^2+3*Y^2 which occur for X>0,Y>0, gcd(X,Y)=1 A092575 count of points norm==n for X>0,Y>0, gcd(X,Y)=1 ie. X,Y no common factor
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::Hypot, Math::PlanePath::HypotOctant, Math::PlanePath::PixelRings, Math::PlanePath::HexSpiral
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
Copyright 2010, 2011, 2012 Kevin Ryde
This file is part of Math-PlanePath.
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cpanm
cpanm Math::PlanePath
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Math::PlanePath
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