AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen - Kohonen's Self-organising Maps
$_ = AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen->new( map_dim_x => 39, map_dim_y => 19, epochs => 100, table => "3 1 0 0 red 0 1 0 yellow 0 0 1 blue 0 1 1 cyan 1 1 0 yellow 1 .5 0 orange 1 .5 1 pink" ); $_->train; $_->save_file('mydata.txt'); exit;
An illustrative implimentation of Kohonen's Self-organising Feature Maps (SOMs) in Perl. It's not fast - it's illustrative. In fact, it's slow: but it is illustrative....
Have a look at AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Demo::RGB for an example of visualisation of the map.
I'll maybe add some more text here later.
AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Node AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Input
None
Instantiates object fields:
A SOM_PAK training file to load. This does not prevent other input methods (input, table) being processed, but it does over-ride any specifications (weight_dim) which may have been explicitly handed to the constructor.
input
table
weight_dim
See also "FILE FORMAT" and "METHOD load_input".
A reference to an array of training vectors, within which each vector is represented by an array:
[ [v1a, v1b, v1c], [v2a,v2b,v2c], ..., [vNa,vNb,vNc] ]
See also table.
The contents of a file of the format that could be supplied to the input_file field.
input_file
A name for each dimension of the input vectors.
The dimensions of the feature map to create - defaults to a toy 19. (note: this is Perl indexing, starting at zero).
Number of epochs to run for (see "METHOD train"). Minimum number is 1.
1
The initial learning rate.
Reference to code to call at the begining of training.
Reference to code to call at the begining of every epoch (such as a colour calibration routine).
Reference to code to call at the end of every epoch (such as a display routine).
Reference to code to call at the end of training.
If undefined, random targets are chosen; otherwise they're iterated over. Just for experimental purposes.
The amount of smoothing to apply by default when smooth is applied (see "METHOD smooth").
smooth
When working out the size of the neighbourhood of influence, the average of the dimensions of the map are divided by this variable, before the exponential function is applied: the default value is 2.5, but you may with to use 2 or 4.
Used to signify data is missing in an input vector. Defaults to x.
x
Private fields:
The number of iterations (epochs) to be completed, over the log of the map radius.
The current epoch, or moment in time.
The current learning rate.
Average of the map dimensions.
Populates the map with nodes that contain random real nubmers.
map
See "CONSTRUCTOR new" in AI::NerualNet::Kohonen::Node.
As "METHOD randomise_map" but sets all map nodes to either the value supplied as the only paramter, or undef.
undef
Optionally accepts a parameter that is the number of epochs for which to train: the default is the value in the epochs field.
epochs
An epoch is composed of A number of generations, the number being the total number of input vectors.
For every generation, iterates:
selects a target from the input array (see "PRIVATE METHOD _select_target");
finds the best-matching unit (see "METHOD find_bmu");
adjusts the neighbours of the BMU (see "PRIVATE METHOD _adjust_neighbours_of");
At the end of every generation, the learning rate is decayed (see "PRIVATE METHOD _decay_learning_rate").
See CONSTRUCTOR new for details of applicable callbacks.
CONSTRUCTOR new
Returns a true value.
For a specific taraget, finds the Best Matching Unit in the map and return the x/y index.
Accepts: a reference to an array that is the target.
Returns: a reference to an array that is the BMU (and should perhaps be abstracted as an object in its own right), indexed as follows:
euclidean distance from the supplied target
x and y co-ordinate in the map
See "METHOD get_weight_at", and "distance_from" in AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Node,
Returns a reference to the weight array at the supplied x,y co-ordinates.
Accepts: x,y co-ordinates, each a scalar.
Returns: reference to an array that is the weight of the node, or undef on failure.
Finds and returns the results for all input vectors in the supplied reference to an array of arrays, placing the values in the results field (array reference), and, returning it either as an array or as it is, depending on the calling context
results
If no array reference of input vectors is supplied, will use the values in the input field.
Individual results are in the array format as described in "METHOD find_bmu".
See "METHOD find_bmu", and "METHOD get_weight_at".
Clears the map and fills it with the results.
The sole paramter is passed to the "METHOD clear_map". "METHOD get_results" is then called, and the results returned fed into the object field map.
This may change, as it seems misleading to re-use that field.
Print the current weight values to the screen.
Perform gaussian smoothing upon the map.
Accepts: the length of the side of the square gaussian mask to apply. If not supplied, uses the value in the field smoothing; if that is empty, uses the square root of the average of the map dimensions (map_dim_a).
smoothing
map_dim_a
Returns: a true value.
Loads a SOM_PAK-format file of input vectors.
This method is automatically accessed if the constructor is supplied with an input_file field.
Requires: a path to a file.
Returns undef on failure.
See "FILE FORMAT".
Saves the map file in SOM_PAK format (see "METHOD load_input") at the path specified in the first argument.
Return undef on failure, a true value on success.
Return a random target from the training set in the input field, unless the targeting field is defined, when the targets are iterated over.
targeting
Accepts: a reference to an array containing the distance of the BMU from the target, as well as the x and y co-ordinates of the BMU in the map; a reference to the target, which is an AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Input object.
AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Input
Returns: true.
( t ) sigma(t) = sigma(0) exp ( - ------ ) ( lambda )
Where sigma is the width of the map at any stage in time (t), and lambda is a time constant.
sigma
t
lambda
Lambda is our field time_constant.
time_constant
The map radius is naturally just half the map width.
W(t+1) = W(t) + THETA(t) L(t)( V(t)-W(t) )
Where L is the learning rate, V the target vector, and W the weight. THETA(t) represents the influence of distance from the BMU upon a node's learning, and is calculated by the Node class - see "distance_effect" in AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Node.
L
V
W
Node
Performs a gaussian decay upon the learning rate (our l field).
l
( t ) L(t) = L exp ( - ------ ) 0 ( lambda )
Accepts: size of mask.
Returns: reference to a 2d array that is the mask.
Accepts: two paramters: the first, r, gives the distance from the mask centre, the second, sigma, specifies the width of the mask.
r
Returns the gaussian weight.
See also _decay_learning_rate.
Returns the quantise error for either the supplied points, or those in the input field.
Adds to the input field an input vector in SOM_PAK-format whitespace-delimited ASCII.
Returns undef on failure to add an item (perhaps because the data passed was a comment, or the weight_dim flag was not set); a true value on success.
This module has begun to attempt the SOM_PAK format: SOM_PAK file format version 3.1 (April 7, 1995), Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo:
The input data is stored in ASCII-form as a list of entries, one line ...for each vectorial sample.
The first line of the file is reserved for status knowledge of the entries; in the present version it is used to define the following items (these items MUST occur in the indicated order):
- Dimensionality of the vectors (integer, compulsory). - Topology type, either hexa or rect (string, optional, case-sensitive). - Map dimension in x-direction (integer, optional). - Map dimension in y-direction (integer, optional). - Neighborhood type, either bubble or gaussian (string, optional, case-sen- sitive).
...
Subsequent lines consist of n floating-point numbers followed by an optional class label (that can be any string) and two optional qualifiers (see below) that determine the usage of the corresponding data entry in training programs. The data files can also contain an arbitrary number of comment lines that begin with '#', and are ignored. (One '#' for each comment line is needed.)
If some components of some data vectors are missing (due to data collection failures or any other reason) those components should be marked with 'x'...[in processing, these] are ignored.
Each data line may have two optional qualifiers that determine the usage of the data entry during training. The qualifiers are of the form codeword=value, where spaces are not allowed between the parts of the qualifier. The optional qualifiers are the following:
Enhancement factor: e.g. weight=3. The training rate for the corresponding input pattern vector is multiplied by this parameter so that the reference vectors are updated as if this input vector were repeated 3 times during training (i.e., as if the same vector had been stored 2 extra times in the data file).
Fixed-point qualifier: e.g. fixed=2,5. The map unit defined by the fixed-point coordinates (x = 2; y = 5) is selected instead of the best-matching unit for training. (See below for the definition of coordinates over the map.) If several inputs are forced to known locations, a wanted orientation results in the map.
Not (yet) implimented in file format:
hexa/rect is only visual, and only in the ::Demo::RGB package atm
neighbourhood type is always gaussian.
i<x> for missing data.
the two optional qualifiers
See "distance_from" in AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Node; AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen::Demo::RGB.
The documentation for SOM_PAK, which has lots of advice on map building that may or may not be applicable yet.
SOM_PAK
A very nice explanation of Kohonen's algorithm: AI-Junkie SOM tutorial part 1
This implimentation Copyright (C) Lee Goddard, 2003-2006. All Rights Reserved.
Available under the same terms as Perl itself.
To install AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install AI::NeuralNet::Kohonen
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.