Test::Builder2::Design - Explaining the design of Test::Builder2
This document is about the design and philosophy of Test::Builder2 for those willing to contribute to the project, design their own advanced testing modules, extend Test::Builder2 and for the curious.
Those not already familiar with Test::Builder may wish to have a gander at it.
There is a glossary of terms at the end of this document.
Test::Builder2 is a complete rewrite of Test::Builder with fewer assumptions about how testing is to be done and more extensibility.
So what is Test::Builder? It is the object that backs all the Perl testing modules worth knowing about. It provides the baseline functionality of testing, coordinates testing modules and formats the results as TAP. It is what allows you to use multiple Test:: modules written by completely different authors independently together in the same test script without them stepping on each other.
Test::
Fundamentally, TB2 coordinates these things:
This allows setting of the plan, if any, and maybe printing out headers.
Handing them to a TB2::History object.
Handing them to a TB2::Formatter object.
The TB2::Formatter hands it to a TB2::Streamer.
You hand TB2 the result of an assert, and it decides when and how to format and output it. That's about it (rjbs gets credit for bringing this revelation of simplicity).
There's the additional meta-responsibility of being the central point to coordinate extensions and provide hooks into testing events.
To understand Test::Builder2 you must understand its design goals.
Test::Builder2 takes a very long and broad view in its design. As such, many things which might seem overcomplicated at first glance are actually to cover an obscure, but important, condition.
If TB2 were a person, "thou shalt be universally applicable" would be tattooed upside down on their belly in flaming, writhing letters to remind itself of its responsbility to all Perl users everywhere.
This is the goal which has the farthest reaching consequences. Every testing module worth knowing about is backed by TB1 and will be backed by TB2. As a result, TB2 has to work, it has to work everywhere Perl does and it has to be able to test every conceivable thing.
Every assumption TB2 makes about its environment, how testing is done or what is being tested eliminates that category from being easily tested by Perl programmers. I knocks the entire modern suite of Perl testing tools from their hands.
While TB2 has to be universal, extensions do not. TB2 will reject many features because they are not universally applicable, but extensions and test libraries built on top of it will not.
TB2 has to work in every environment which Perl does. If it doesn't, TB2 de facto eliminates that environment from serious use by Perl. It can make no assumptions about the environment which are not universal. There's no "it'll work on most systems" compromises.
As far as Perl goes, TB2 supports back to 5.8.1. 5.8.0's threading is too unstable. 5.6 is missing too many features (the biggest is scalar reference filehandles critical for debugging) and is all but extinct in the wild. Even Debian oldstable ships 5.8.8.
There has to be total confidence in the test libraries, that a test failure indicates a failed test and not a bug in TB2. There are no "this works 99% of the time" implementations.
Users must be able to write test libraries on top of TB2 that do pretty much anything.
There are three primary means of doing this. The most common will be writing a test module using Test::Builder2::Module. Users will write logic to test their statement, and then hand the result off to a TB2 object for processing.
The second is by adding roles to TB2. For those not familiar with roles, they're kind of like object plugins... sort of.
The third is by hooking into events, like when an assert starts or finishes.
See "Extending TB2" for details.
TB1 outputs only TAP. TB2 will output TAP by default, but can be extended to output any format desired. As such, its internal structures have to be free of assumptions. For example, TAP is one of the few testing systems which requires a test count and TB1 is riddled with that assumption.
See Test::Builder2::Format for details.
TB1 has limited support for outputting somewhere other than STDOUT and STDERR. TB2 will have full control over where and how output occurs.
See Test::Builder2::Streamer for details.
TB1 and Test::More avoid making assumptions about how and what you're testing, sticking to functions which provide unambiguous functionality and are universally applicable. That is, you're not going to find code that tests XML.
TB2 pushes this further, in ways already mentioned, and by stripping itself down at the core to just storing, formatting and streaming results. It does not provide anything but the equivalent of ok(). Additional functionality will be available in various roles that ship with TB2. Most library authors will use those roles by default, but radical extensions may use the stripped down TB2.
ok()
Two drivers for this are Fennec and the need for Test::Builder itself to use TB2. The less TB2 does the weirder test library authors can get.
TB2 can have no external dependencies (except Perl itself). External dependencies may create circular dependencies, and more importantly they introduce unreliabilies in TB2.
It has to be very easy to write a basic testing module using TB2. The underlying complexity must be hidden from the casual test module author.
See examples/TB2 in the source directory for examples of TB2 extensions.
The simplest way to extend TB2 will be to write a test library. Test::Builder2::Module provides the conveniences to the test author. Test::Simple is a simple example of a Test::Builder2 module.
For internal use, roles can be applied to the TB2 singleton to expand its functionality while leaving the TB2 class slim. Roles will include TB2::Assert::More which will provide most of the Test::More functionality currently in TB1.
The primary way test libraries will alter the behavior of tests is by writing a test event watcher. Everything of interest in a test triggers an event such as asserts, the plan being set, even diagnostic output. A watcher can take action based on an event, or even alter an event as it happens. Things like Test::NoWarnings, halting on test failure, and enforcing test names will be implemented as event watchers. Formatters are also event watchers. See Test::Builder2::EventWatcher, Test::Builder2::EventCoordinator and Test::Builder2::Events for details.
When an assert fails, it should report its file and line number so the user can easily find the failing assert. This is one of the trickiest aspects of TB1 and TB2. It has its own section, "File and Line Information".
Must be able to add code at the start of a test suite (to capture warnings) and add an assertion at the end. It also must be able to add one to a user-set plan.
See examples/TB2/lib/TB2/NoWarnings.pm for an example.
This is the case where an assert called inside another assert is not part of the same stack.
See "File and Line Information" for details.
You should be able to easily write tests for test modules without having to hard code formatted results.
Test::Builder and all derived modules should continue to work and be compatible with TB2.
Fennec should be able to use TB2 for all its functionality.
It should be possible to have an extension which causes the test suite to halt upon the first failed assert and still receive all the diagnostics of that assert.
See examples/TB2/lib/TB2/DieOnFail.pm for an example.
It should be possible to have an extension which starts the debugger when an assert fails.
See examples/TB2/lib/TB2/DebugOnFail.pm for an example.
It should be possible to perform an action when a test stream completes in certain states. For example, beep on completion or send an email on failure.
TB2 lets asserts build on other asserts by just calling them. For example, here is a simple implementation of is().
install_test is => sub { my($have, $want, $name) = @_; my $result = ok( $have eq $want, $name ); $result->diagnostics( have => $have, want => $want ); return $result; };
is() uses ok() to do most of the work. Then it adds its diagnostics to the result (an overloaded object in TB2) and passes it along.
To accomplish this, TB2 records the stack of asserts being called and who called them. This turns out to be one of the more involved parts of TB2, but it's necessary for some critical features.
One of the friendliest and trickiest features of TB1 is correctly reporting the file and line where an assert failed. This is because asserts call asserts which call asserts which ultimately call ok which does the actual passing or failing. It needs to know where the user originally called the assert, the "top" of the assert stack.
ok
This is similar in functionality to Carp, but it has to be far more robust. It cannot guess based on crossing package boundaries, it has to know. TB1 accomplished this by keeping track of how far down the stack you are at any moment with $Level. This results in complicated accounting that's often not quite right, and it bubbles up to the user's level, where the user must remember to localize and increment $Level.
$Level
You must be able to trivially wrap an assert in another assert and still have the file and line number come out at the outermost assert which is presumably the one the user wrote. This will allow users to quickly and trivially compose new domain specific asserts without having to know about TB2.
For example, here is how is() would ideally be implemented by a user (ignoring diagnostics for the moment):
sub is { my($have, $want, $name) = @_; return ok $have eq $want, $name; }
When is() fails, you want the diagnostics to contain the file and line number of the call to is(), not the call to ok() inside is().
is()
This goes beyond just file and line numbers. It also allows actions to happen when an assert fully completes, such as "die-on-fail". To expand on the is() example above:
sub is { my($have, $want, $name) = @_; my $ok = ok $have, $want, $name; $ok->diagnostics( have => $have, want => $want, ); return $ok; }
is() takes the result from ok() (now an object) and adds its own diagnostics. If ok() were to fail, and die-on-fail is active, TB2 must know to wait until is() has had a chance to add its diagnostics and print the result before failing. Otherwise you don't get full diagnostics about the failure. TB2 must know that is() was called by the user and ok() was not.
Finally, TB2 must wait until the entire assert stack has had an opportunity to add diagnostics to the result before it can print the result. Why? TB1, only doing TAP, is fortunate in that it's a stream. It can print a result as soon as it gets it, and then append diagnostics onto the end. But this isn't true of other output formats. XML, for example, requires an opening and closing tag.
We cannot assume that asserts are exported functions. Or that every function in a Test:: library is an assert. TB2 takes the approach of having a test library declare that a function is an assert. This is done with the least fanfare possible:
package My::Test::Module; use Test::Builder2::Module; install_test is => sub { my($have, $want, $name) = @_; return ok $have, $want, $name; };
install_test is exported by TB2::Module. It wraps the user's function in a little shim that triggers assert_start and assert_end events. It also records this fact in an assert stack, assert_start pushes onto the stack and assert_end pops it. The assert stack tracks where each assert was called. If an assert fails anywhere in the stack it can get the file and line number information from the top of the stack.
install_test
Currently there is only one stack, see top_stack in TB2. This must be developed into multiple stacks to handle some use cases, the most important are Test::Warn and Test::Exception.
top_stack
For example:
#line 1 warnings_is { is( $foo, $bar); } "something";
If the is called inside warnings_is() fails, it should report diagnostics from line 2, not line 1 where warnings_is() is called. In addition, is() failing should not result in warnings_is() failing.
is
warnings_is()
There is no way for TB2 to infer this special case, it must be declared by the author of warnings_is. warnings_is must tell TB2 that it should save its current assert stack and start a new one.
warnings_is
use Test::Builder2::Module; install_test warnings_is => sub (&$) { my($code, $warning) = @_; ...set up capturing warnings however... # Declare a new assert stack Builder->start_assert_stack; # Run the code with that new stack $code->(); # End the assert stack and go back to the old one Builder->end_assert_stack; # Run an assert to check the warnings using the original stack return is( $captured_warnings, $warning ); };
In effect, there is a stack of stacks maintained inside TB2. Builder is provided by TB2::Module as a shortcut for $class->builder.
Builder
$class->builder
This will also allow tests to work in cooperative multitasking situations such as POE. One stack of asserts may start running only to yield control to another stack. The details are beyond the scope of this design, only that it is made possible.
There is a final case to consider, this:
install_test file_contents_ok => sub { my($file, $want) = @_; ok( open(my $fh, "<", $file), "open $file" ); my $content = join "", <$fh>; ok( close $fh, "close $file" ); return is $content, $want, "contents of $file"; };
This assert has multiple asserts inside it, but the final one is the important one. In this case, TB2 must display them all as if they came from the point where file_contents_ok() was called. Also make sure that the results of the two ok()s get output. And do it all in the right order. This is an open problem.
file_contents_ok()
TB2 uses Mouse, which is the Moose interface without dependencies and sluggishness. It takes a great risk in relying on a complicated module. The decision was made on the speculation that if TB2 used a real object system, that might allow the design to go in interesting directions not otherwise easily available.
Two user visible design features have come out of this. The first is that TB2's event system, rather than having explict event callbacks, is modelled by simply wrapping public TB2 methods using Mouse method wrappers. This greatly simplifies designing and implementing test events and provides a more flexible system since users can safely wrap any public method rather than waiting for TB2 to add a hook. Hook points fall naturally out of decomposing the steps of handling results.
The second is the ability to compose TB2 with roles. Rather than adding functionality by subclassing, it can be added with roles. Subclassing is untenable in the long run. Test::A will want to use their TB2 subclass while Test::B will want to use its own TB2 subclass. They can't both have the singleton. Rather than come up with increasingly complicated ways to reconcile this, users can add functionality to TB2 with roles applied to the TB2 singleton. Roles add, rather than modify, functionality. Collisions will only occur in method names and will be very clear, at about the same level of risk as exporting a function.
Roles also let TB2 shed much of TB1's functionality, leaving it to roles. For example, most of the helper assert methods in TB1 like is_eq and like are not present in core TB2 making it much simpler. They will be in something like TB2::More::Asserts which will probably be composed in by default.
is_eq
like
Roles and wrapping methods allow TB2 to remain a singleton while being extensible by multiple authors without explicit coordination.
TB2 can have no dependencies, so it ships with its own copy of Mouse.
Mouse is a large, complicated system and TB2 has already hit bugs. It has also had breakages from one version of Mouse to the next. In order to avoid this, TB2 will ONLY use its shipped copy of Mouse. That is, TB2 will ship with a copy of Mouse matched to that particular release.
Finally, to avoid stepping on the installed copy of Mouse, TB2 will ship its version of Mouse as TB2::Mouse with all internal packages similarly changed. This will avoid colliding with Mouse both on disk and in memory.
If TB2 ships with Mouse, and TB2 ships in the core of Perl... does that mean core Perl will ship Mouse? No, it is not required that Perl ship Mouse. TB2 will require that core Perl ships TB2::Mouse, but as such it is an internal module of TB2 and should not be used by the public. Making Mouse publicly available in the core is a separate issue and would, in fact, require a separate copy of Mouse anyway.
Here's a diagram of the "flow" of assert results through Test::Builder version 1.
.-------. | foo.t | '-------' | | .-------------. | .----------------. | Test::More |<--------->| Test::Whatever | '-------------' '----------------' | | | | | | | .---------------. | '---->| Test::Builder |<----' '---------------' | v .-----. | TAP | '-----' | v .---------------. | Test::Harness | '---------------'
You write foo.t using Test::More and Test::Whatever. These both use the same Test::Builder object. It spits out TAP which Test::Harness converts into something human readable.
The big problem there is Test::Builder is monolithic. There's no further breakdown of responsibilities. It only spits out TAP, and only one version of TAP.
Here's what Test::Builder2 looks like:
.-------. .----------------| foo.t |----------------. | '-------' | | | | | | | v v v .------------. .----------------. .------------------. | Test::More | | Test::Whatever | | Test::NotUpdated | '------------' '----------------' '------------------' | | | | v v | .----------------. .---------------. '------>| Test::Builder2 | | Test::Builder | '----------------' '---------------' | | v | .-------------. | | TB2::Result |<----------' '-------------' | v .--------------. .-----------------------. | TB2::History |<---| TB2::EventCoordinator | '--------------' '-----------------------' | .--------------------------. | .---------------------. | TB2::Formatter::TAP::v13 |<-----'------>| TB2::Formatter::GUI | '--------------------------' '---------------------' | | v | .-------------------------------. | | TB2::Formatter::Streamer::TAP | | '-------------------------------' | | | v | .-----. | | TAP | | '-----' | | | v v .---------------. .-----------------. | Test::Harness | | Pretty Pictures | '---------------' '-----------------'
It starts out the same, foo.t uses a bunch of test modules including Test::More and Test::Whatever using the same Test::Builder2 object, but it also uses Test::NotUpdated which is still using Test::Builder. That's ok because Test::Builder has been rewritten in terms of Test::Builder2 (more on that below).
Test::Builder2, rather than being a monolith, produces a Test::Builder2::Result object for each assert run. This gets handed to the EventCoordinator which hands the Result off to the History, Formatter and anyone else who's watching. Test::Builder and Test::Builder2 share the same EventCoordinator and thus the same Formatter and History.
History records events and results for possible later use. The Formatter turns events and results into formatted output, by default TAP.
Because Test::Builder2 is not monolithic, you can swap out parts. For example, instead of outputting TAP it could instead hand results to a formatter that produced a simple GUI representation, maybe a green bar, or something that hooks into a larger GUI. Or maybe one that produces JUnit XML.
.-----. .-----. | TB2 | | TB1 | '-----' '-----' | | | | v v .-------------. .-----------------------. .-------------. | TB2::Result |--->| TB2::EventCoordinator |<----| TB2::Result | '-------------' '-----------------------' '-------------' | v .----------------. | TB2::Formatter | '----------------' | v .--------. | Output | '--------'
Test::Builder and Test::Builder2 coordinate their actions by sharing the same EventCoordinator which carries around History and Formatter objects. If you call TB1->ok() it produces a Result object which it hands to the EventCoordinator which hands it to its History and Formatter objects. If you call TB2->ok() it produces a Result object which it hands to the same EventCoordinator.
This allows most of the Test::Builder code to remain the same while still coordinating with Test::Builder2. It also allows radically different builders to be made without Test::Builder2 dictating how they're to work.
If you want to add behaviors to the tests, rather than extending or altering the Builder you add an EventWatcher to the EventCoordinator. This will be informed when thing happen in the test, can take action and even alter the events and results.
Refers to Test::Builder.
For brevity's sake, Test::Builder2 will be referred to as TB2. Similarly, sub-modules will be referred to as TB2::Foo even though it is really the long form Test::Builder2::Foo.
Refers to the TB1 or TB2 object central to Perl's testing system. It serves to abstract the details of writing a test library. A builder defines how asserts are written, contains the event coordinator and is responsible for making sure its asserts pass along events to the coordinator.
An assertion is a single statement which is tested. It corresponds to a traditional ok function call.
Anything which happens over the course of the test will generate an event. Examples include starting the test, changing the test plan, the result of an assert, and so on. Events fully describe the test suite and they are the only information used by formatters.
The information from a single assert. Includes things like if it passed or failed, if it had any directives, its file and line number, and any additional user specified diagnostics.
A result is a special type of event.
This object gathers events from all the builders that wish to work together in the same test suite and passes them along to its event watchers.
An event watcher is a thing which does things with events (yes, it's supposed to be vague). Examples include formatters and history. Custom event watchers can also be used to alter the behavior of tests (for example, die on assert failure) and even the event itself.
Event watchers get their events through an event coordinator.
A flag which modifies the result in some way. For example, skip says that the test was skipped. todo means the test was expected to fail.
skip
todo
Additional structured information about a test result. For example, what file and line number it occurred on. Users can add their own diagnostics to a test result.
Test::Builder's "diagnostics" (output by diag()) are actually comments which were used to provide diagnostics. These were unparsable.
diag()
A piece of information in the stream that may be parsed but is ignored and has no effect on the result of the stream.
A comment which is not normally shown to the user, put there for debugging and informational purposes.
The output from a single test unit. In a traditional Perl system this is the output from a single .t file.
The complete set of tests run by a project. In a traditional Perl system this is all the .t files.
Takes the abstract result and turns it into parsable output. For example, Test::Builder2::Formatter::TAP turns test results into the familiar TAP.
See Test::Builder2::Formatter for details.
Takes the formatted stream and outputs it, usually to STDOUT and STDERR but it may instead capture it for debugging purposes, or send it as an email, or write it to a file, or do all of these things.
A formatter contains a streamer.
Test Anything Protocol, the name for the usual ok 1 output you see from most Perl tests.
ok 1
An ambiguous term often used to mean an assert, a stream or a suite. We'll avoid using it without qualification.
To install Test::Simple, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.
cpanm
cpanm Test::Simple
CPAN shell
perl -MCPAN -e shell install Test::Simple
For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.