NAME

MooX::Press - quickly create a bunch of Moo/Moose/Mouse classes and roles

SYNOPSIS

  package MyApp;
  use Types::Standard qw(Str Num);
  use MooX::Press (
    role => [
      'Livestock',
      'Pet',
      'Milkable' => {
        can => [
          'milk' => sub { print "giving milk\n"; },
        ],
      },
    ],
    class => [
      'Animal' => {
        has => [
          'name'   => Str,
          'colour',
          'age'    => Num,
          'status' => { enum => ['alive', 'dead'], default => 'alive' },
        ],
        subclass => [
          'Panda',
          'Cat'  => { with => ['Pet'] },
          'Dog'  => { with => ['Pet'] },
          'Cow'  => { with => ['Livestock', 'Milkable'] },
          'Pig'  => { with => ['Livestock'] },
        ],
      },
    ],
  );

Using your classes:

  use MyApp;
  
  my $kitty = MyApp->new_cat(name => "Grey", status => "alive");
  # or:       MyApp::Cat->new(name => "Grey", status => "alive");
  
  MyApp->new_cow(name => "Daisy")->milk();

I realize this is a longer synopsis than most CPAN modules give, but considering it sets up six classes and three roles with some attributes and methods, applies the roles to the classes, and creates a type library with nine types in it, it's pretty concise.

DESCRIPTION

MooX::Press (pronounced "Moo Express") is a quick way of creating a bunch of simple Moo classes and roles at once without needing to create separate Perl modules for each class and each role, and without needing to add a bunch of boilerplate to each file.

It also supports Moose and Mouse, though Moo classes and roles play nicely with Moose (and to a certain extent with Mouse) anyway.

Import Options

MooX::Press is called like:

  use MooX::Press %import_opts;

The following options are supported. To make these easier to remember, options follow the convention of using lower-case singular, and reusing keywords from Perl and Moo/Moose/Mouse when possible.

class (OptList)

This is the list of classes to create as an optlist. An optlist is an arrayref of strings, where each string is optionally followed by a reference.

  [ "A", "B", "C", \%opt_for_C, "D", "E", \%opts_for_E, "F" ]

In particular, for the class optlist the references should be hashrefs of class options (see "Class Options"), though key-value pair arrayrefs are also accepted.

role (OptList)

This is the list of roles to create, structured almost the same as the optlist for classes, but see "Role Options".

class_generator (OptList)

Kind of like class, but:

  [ "A", \&generator_for_A, "B", \&generator_for_B, ... ]

"A" and "B" are not classes, but when MyApp->generate_a(...) is called, it will pass arguments to &generator_for_A which is expected to return a hashref like \%opts_for_A. Then a new pseudononymous class will be created with those options.

See the FAQ for an example.

role_generator (OptList)

The same but for roles.

See the FAQ for an example.

toolkit (Str)

The strings "Moo", "Moose", or "Mouse" are accepted and instruct MooX::Press to use your favourite OO toolkit. "Moo" is the default.

version (Num)

This has nothing to do with the version of MooX::Press you are using. It sets the our $VERSION variable for the classes and roles being generated.

authority (Str)

This sets the our $AUTHORITY variable for the classes and roles being generated.

version and authority will be copied from the caller if they are not set, but you can set them to undef explicitly if you want to avoid that.

prefix (Str|Undef)

A namespace prefix for MooX::Press to put all your classes into. If MooX::Press is told to create a class "Animal" and prefix is set to "MyApp::OO", then it will create a class called "MyApp::OO::Animal".

This is optional and defaults to the caller. If you wish to have no prefix, then pass an explicit prefix => undef option. (If the caller is main, then the prefix defaults to undef.)

You can bypass the prefix for a specific class or a specific role using a leading double colon, like "::Animal" (or "main::Animal").

factory_package (Str|Undef)

A package name to install methods like the new_cat and new_cow methods in "SYNOPSIS".

This defaults to prefix if the prefix is defined, and "Local" otherwise, but may be explicitly set to undef to suppress the creation of such methods. If the factory_package is "Local", you'll get a warning, except in perl -e one-liners.

In every class (but not role) that MooX::Press builds, there will be a FACTORY method created so that, for example

  MyApp::Cow->FACTORY  # returns "MyApp"

The factory package will also have a method called qualify installed, which uses the same logic as MooX::Press to add prefixes to class/role names.

  MyApp::Cow->FACTORY->qualify('Pig')     # 'MyApp::Pig'
  MyApp::Cow->FACTORY->qualify('::Pig')   # 'Pig'

There will also be get_role and get_class methods:

  my $Clever = MyApp->get_role( 'Clever' );
  my $Brave  = MyApp->get_role( 'Brave' );
  my $Pig    = MyApp->get_class( 'Pig', $Clever, $Brave );
  my $wilbur = $Pig->new( name => 'Wilbur' );

Class generators and role generators are also allowed; just follow the name with an arrayref of parameters.

The factory package will have a global variable %PACKAGES where the keys are names of all the packages MooX::Press created for you, and the values are what kind of package they are:

  say $MyApp::PACKAGES{"MyApp::Cow"};     # 'class'

type_library (Str|Undef)

MooX::Press will automatically create a Type::Library-based type library with type constraints for all your classes and roles. It will be named using your prefix followed by "::Types".

You can specify a new name or explicitly set to undef to suppress this behaviour, but a lot of the coercion features of MooX::Press rely on there being a type library.

MooX::Press will create a get_type_for_package method that allows you to do this:

  MyApp::Types->get_type_for_package(class => "MyApp::Animal")

MooX::Press will mark "MyApp/Types.pm" as loaded in %INC, so you can do things like:

  use MyApp::Types qw(Animal);

And it won't complain about "MyApp/Types.pm" not being found.

MooX::Press will install a type_library method into the factory package which returns the name of the type library, so you can do:

  MyApp->type_library->get_type_for_package(class => "MyApp::Animal")

caller (Str)

MooX::Press determines some things based on which package called it. If you are wrapping MooX::Press, you can fake the caller by passing it as an option.

end (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

After creating each class or role, this coderef will be called. It will be passed two parameters; the fully-qualified package name of the class or role, plus the string "class" or "role" as appropriate.

Optional; defaults to nothing.

begin (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

Like end, but called before setting up any attributes, methods, or method modifiers. (But after loading Moo/Moose/Mouse.)

Optional; defaults to nothing.

mutable (Bool)

Boolean to indicate that classes should be left mutable after creating them rather than making them immutable. Constructors for mutable classes are considerably slower than for immutable classes, so this is usually a bad idea.

Only supported for Moose. Unnecessary for Moo anyway. Defaults to false.

factory_package_can (HashRef[CodeRef])

Hashref of additional subs to install into the factory package.

type_library_can (HashRef[CodeRef])

Hashref of additional subs to install into the type library package.

default_is

The default for the is option when defining attributes. The default default_is is "ro".

At this top level, a shortcut is available for the 'class' and 'role' keys. Rather than:

  use MooX::Press (
    role => [
      'Quux',
      'Quuux' => { ... },
    ],
    class => [
      'Foo',
      'Bar' => { ... },
      'Baz' => { ... },
    ],
  );

It is possible to write:

  use MooX::Press (
    'role:Quux'  => {},
    'role:Quuux' => { ... },
    'class:Foo'  => {},
    'class:Bar'  => { ... },
    'class:Baz'  => { ... },
  );

This saves a level of indentation. (=> undef or => 1 are supported as synonyms for => {}.)

Class Options

Each class in the list of classes can be followed by a hashref of options:

  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo' => \%options_for_foo,
      'Bar' => \%options_for_bar,
    ],
  );

The following class options are supported.

extends (Str|ArrayRef[Str])

The parent class for this class.

The prefix is automatically added. Include a leading "::" if you don't want the prefix to be added.

Multiple inheritance is supported.

If you are using Moose to extend a non-Moose class, MooseX::NonMoose will load automatically. (This also happens with MouseX::Foreign.)

with (ArrayRef[Str])

Roles for this class to consume.

The prefix is automatically added. Include a leading "::" if you don't want the prefix to be added.

Roles may include a trailing "?". When these are seen, the role will be created if it doesn't seem to exist. This is because sometimes it's useful to have roles to classify classes (and check them with the does method) even if those roles don't have any other functionality.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'Farm',
    class  => [
      'Sheep' => { with => ['Bleat?'] },
    ],
  );
  
  if (Farm::Sheep->new->does('Farm::Bleat')) {
    ...;
  }

Without the "?", trying to compose a role that does not exist is an error.

has (OptList)

The list of attributes to add to the class as an optlist.

The strings are the names of the attributes, but these strings may be "decorated" with sigils and suffixes:

$foo: Creates an attribute "foo" intended to hold a single value. This adds a type constraint forbidding arrayrefs and hashrefs but allowing any other value, including undef, strings, numbers, and any other reference.
@foo: Creates an attribute "foo" intended to hold a list of values. This adds a type constraint allowing arrayrefs or objects overloading @{}.
%foo: Creates an attribute "foo" intended to hold a collection of key-value pairs. This adds a type constraint allowing hashrefs or objects overloading %{}.
foo!: Creates an attribute "foo" which will be required by the constructor.

An attribute can have both a sigil and a suffix.

The references in the optlist may be attribute specification hashrefs, type constraint objects, or builder coderefs.

  # These mean the same thing...
  "name!" => Str,
  "name"  => { is => "ro", required => 1, isa => Str },

  # These mean the same thing...
  "age"   => sub { return 0 },
  "age"   => {
    is         => "ro",
    lazy       => 1,
    builder    => sub { return 0 },
    clearer    => "clear_age",
  },

Type constraints can be any blessed object supported by the toolkit. For Moo, use Type::Tiny. For Moose, use Type::Tiny, MooseX::Types, or Specio. For Mouse, use Type::Tiny or MouseX::Types.

Builder coderefs are automatically installed as methods like "YourPrefix::YourClass::_build_age()".

For details of the hashrefs, see "Attribute Specifications".

can (HashRef[CodeRef|HashRef])

A hashref of coderefs to install into the package.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo' => {
         can => {
           'bar' => sub { print "in bar" },
         },
       },
    ],
  );
  
  package main;
  MyApp->new_foo()->bar();

As an alternative, you can do this to prevent your import from getting cluttered with coderefs. Which you choose depends a lot on stylistic preference.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => ['Foo'],
  );
  
  package MyApp::Foo;
  sub bar { print "in bar" },
  
  package main;
  MyApp->new_foo()->bar();

multimethod (ArrayRef)

An arrayref of name-spec pairs suitable for passing to Sub::MultiMethod.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo' => {
         multimethod => [
           'bar' => {
             signature => [ 'HashRef' ],
             code      => sub { my ($self, $hash)  = @_; ... },
           },
           'bar' => {
             signature => [ 'ArrayRef' ],
             code      => sub { my ($self, $array) = @_; ... },
           },
         ],
       },
    ],
  );

multifactory (ArrayRef)

Similar to multimethod but the methods are created in the factory package.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo' => {
         multifactory => [
           'new_foo' => {
             signature => [ 'HashRef' ],
             code      => sub { my ($factory, $class, $hash)  = @_; ... },
           },
           'new_foo' => {
             signature => [ 'ArrayRef' ],
             code      => sub { my ($factory, $class, $array) = @_; ... },
           },
         ],
       },
    ],
  );
  
  my $obj1 = 'MyApp'->new_foo( {} );
  my $obj2 = 'MyApp'->new_foo( [] );

constant (HashRef[Item])

A hashref of scalar constants to define in the package.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo' => {
         constant => {
           'BAR' => 42,
         },
       },
    ],
  );
  
  package main;
  print MyApp::Foo::BAR, "\n";
  print MyApp->new_foo->BAR, "\n";

around (ArrayRef|HashRef)

before (ArrayRef|HashRef)

after (ArrayRef|HashRef)

Installs method modifiers.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    role => [
      'Loud' => {
        around => [
          'greeting' => sub {
            my $orig = shift;
            my $self = shift;
            return uc( $self->$orig(@_) );
          },
        ],
      }
    ],
    class => [
      'Person' => {
        can => {
          'greeting' => sub { "hello" },
        }
        subclass => [
          'LoudPerson' => { with => 'Loud' },
        ],
      },
    ],
  );
  
  package main;
  print MyApp::LoudPerson->new->greeting, "\n";  # prints "HELLO"

coerce (ArrayRef)

When creating a class or role "Foo", MooX::Press will also create a Type::Tiny::Class or Type::Tiny::Role called "Foo". The coerce option allows you to add coercions to that type constraint. Coercions are called as methods on the class or role. This is perhaps best explained with an example:

  package MyApp;
  use Types::Standard qw(Str);
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Person' => {
        has    => [ 'name!' => Str ],
        can    => {
          'from_name' => sub {
            my ($class, $name) = @_;
            return $class->new(name => $name);
          },
        },
        coerce => [
          Str, 'from_name',
        ],
      },
      'Company' => {
        has    => [ 'name!' => Str, 'owner!' => { isa => 'Person' } ],
      },
    ],
  );

This looks simple but it's like the swan, graceful above the surface of the water, legs paddling frantically below.

It creates a class called "MyApp::Person" with a "name" attribute, so you can do this kind of thing:

  my $bob = MyApp::Person->new(name => "Bob");
  my $bob = MyApp->new_person(name => "Bob");

As you can see from the can option, it also creates a method "from_name" which can be used like this:

  my $bob = MyApp::Person->from_name("Bob");

But here's where coercions come in. It also creates a type constraint called "Person" in "MyApp::Types" and adds a coercion from the Str type. The coercion will just call the "from_name" method.

Then when the "MyApp::Company" class is created and the "owner" attribute is being set up, MooX::Press knows about the coercion from Str, and will set up coercion for that attribute.

  # So this should just work...
  my $acme = MyApp->new_company(name => "Acme Inc", owner => "Bob");
  print $acme->owner->name, "\n";

Now that's out of the way, the exact structure for the arrayref of coercions can be explained. It is essentially a list of type-method pairs.

The type may be either a blessed type constraint object (Type::Tiny, etc) or it may be a string type name for something that your type library knows about.

The method is a string containing the method name to perform the coercion.

This may optionally be followed by coderef to install as the method. The following two examples are equivalent:

  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Person' => {
        has    => [ 'name!' => Str ],
        can    => {
          'from_name' => sub {
            my ($class, $name) = @_;
            return $class->new(name => $name);
          },
        },
        coerce => [
          Str, 'from_name',
        ],
      },
    ],
  );

  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Person' => {
        has    => [ 'name!' => Str ],
        coerce => [
          Str, 'from_name' => sub {
            my ($class, $name) = @_;
            return $class->new(name => $name);
          },
        ],
      },
    ],
  );

In the second example, you can see the can option to install the "from_name" method has been dropped and the coderef put into coerce instead.

In case it's not obvious, I suppose it's worth explicitly stating that it's possible to have coercions from many different types.

  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Foo::Bar' => {
        coerce => [
          Str,      'from_string', sub { ... },
          ArrayRef, 'from_array',  sub { ... },
          HashRef,  'from_hash',   sub { ... },
          'FBaz',   'from_foobaz', sub { ... },
        ],
      },
      'Foo::Baz' => {
        type_name => 'FBaz',
       },
    ],
  );

You should generally order the coercions from most specific to least specific. If you list "Num" before "Int", "Int" will never be used because all integers are numbers.

There is no automatic inheritance for coercions because that does not make sense. If Mammal->from_string($str) is a coercion returning a "Mammal" object, and "Person" is a subclass of "Mammal", then there's no way for MooX::Press to ensure that when Person->from_string($str) is called, it will return a "Person" object and not some other kind of mammal. If you want "Person" to have a coercion, define the coercion in the "Person" class and don't rely on it being inherited from "Mammal".

Coercions can also be specified using the attribute 'coerce' or 'coercion' for methods/multimethods/factory methods, if they only take a single typed positional argument.

subclass (OptList)

Set up subclasses of this class. This accepts an optlist like the class list. It allows subclasses to be nested as deep as you like:

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    class => [
      'Animal' => {
         has      => ['name!'],
         subclass => [
           'Fish',
           'Bird',
           'Mammal' => {
              can      => { 'lactate' => sub { ... } },
              subclass => [
                'Cat',
                'Dog',
                'Primate' => {
                  subclass => ['Monkey', 'Gorilla', 'Human'],
                },
              ],
           },
         ],
       },
    ];
  );
  
  package main;
  my $uncle = MyApp->new_human(name => "Bob");
  $uncle->isa('MyApp::Human');    # true
  $uncle->isa('MyApp::Primate');  # true
  $uncle->isa('MyApp::Mammal');   # true
  $uncle->isa('MyApp::Animal');   # true
  $uncle->isa('MyApp::Bird');     # false
  $uncle->can('lactate');         # eww, but true

We just defined a nested heirarchy with ten classes there!

Subclasses can be named with a leading "+" to tell them to use their parent class name as a prefix. So, in the example above, if you'd called your subclasses "+Mammal", "+Dog", etc, you'd end up with packages like "MyApp::Animal::Mammal::Dog". (In cases of multiple inheritance, it uses $ISA[0].)

factory (Str|ArrayRef|Undef)

This is the name for the method installed into the factory package. So for class "Cat", it might be "new_cat".

The default is the class name (excluding the prefix), lowercased, with double colons replaced by single underscores, and with "new_" added in front. To suppress the creation of this method, set factory to an explicit undef.

If set to an arrayref, it indicates you wish to create multiple methods in the factory package to make objects of this class.

  factory => [
    "grow_pig"                         => \"new_from_embryo",
    "new_pork", "new_bacon", "new_ham" => sub { ... },
    "new_pig", "new_swine",
  ],

A scalarref indicates the name of a constructor and that the methods before are shortcuts for that constructor. So MyApp->grow_pig(@args) is a shortcut for MyApp::Pig->new_from_embryo(@args).

A coderef will have a custom method installed into the factory package so that MyApp->new_pork(@args) will act as a shortcut for: $coderef->("MyApp", "MyApp::Pig", @args). Note that new_bacon and new_ham are just aliases for new_bacon.

The new_pig and new_swine method names are followed by neither a coderef nor a scalarref, so are treated as if they had been followed by \"new".

type_name (Str)

The name for the type being installed into the type library.

The default is the class name (excluding the prefix), with double colons replaced by single underscores.

This:

  use MooX::Press prefix => "ABC::XYZ", class => ["Foo::Bar"];

Will create class "ABC::XYZ::Foo::Bar", a factory method ABC::XYZ->new_foo_bar(), and a type constraint "Foo_Bar" in type library "ABC::XYZ::Types".

toolkit (Str)

Override toolkit choice for this class and any child classes.

version (Num)

Override version number for this class and any child classes.

authority (Str)

Override authority for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

prefix (Str)

Override namespace prefix for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

factory_package (Str)

Override factory_package for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

mutable (Bool)

Override mutability for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

default_is (Str)

Override default_is for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

end (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

Override end for this class and any child classes.

See "Import Options".

begin (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

Override begin for this class and any child classes.

  use MooX::Press::Keywords qw( true false );
  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'Library',
    class  => [
      'Book' => {
        begin => sub {
          my $classname = shift;   # "Library::Book"
          my $registry  = Type::Registry->for_class($classname);
          $registry->alias_type('ArrayRef[Str]' => 'StrList')
        },
        has => {
          'title'   => { type => 'Str',     required => true },
          'authors' => { type => 'StrList', required => true },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

See "Import Options".

import (OptList)

Allows you to import packages into classes.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'Library',
    class  => [
      toolkit  => 'Moose',
      import   => [ 'MooseX::StrictConstructor' ],
      ...,
    ],
  );

Note that the coderefs you pass to MooX::Press are evaluated in the caller namespace, so this isn't very useful if you're looking to import functions. It can be useful for many MooX, MooseX, and MouseX extensions though.

overload (HashRef)

Options to pass to use overload.

abstract (Bool)

Marks the class as abstract. Abstract classes cannot have factories or coercions, and do not have a constuctor. They may be inherited from though. It is usually better to use roles.

Role Options

Options for roles are largely the same as for classes with the following exceptions:

requires (ArrayRef)

A list of methods required by the role.

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    role => [
      'Milkable' => {
        requires => ['get_udder'],
        ...,
      },
    ],
  );

Each method can optionally be followed by a method-defining hashref like in can:

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    role => [
      'Milkable' => {
        requires => [
          'get_udder', { signature => [...], named => 0 },
        ],
        ...,
      },
    ],
  );

These hashrefs are currently ignored, but may be useful for people reading your role declarations.

extends (Any)

This option is disallowed.

can (HashRef[CodeRef|HashRef])

The alternative style for defining methods may cause problems with the order in which things happen. Because use MooX::Press happens at compile time, the following might not do what you expect:

  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    role   => ["MyRole"],
    class  => ["MyClass" => { with => "MyRole" }],
  );
  
  package MyApp::MyRole;
  sub my_function { ... }

The "my_function" will not be copied into "MyApp::MyClass" because at the time the class is constructed, "my_function" doesn't yet exist within the role "MyApp::MyRole".

You can combat this by changing the order you define things in:

  package MyApp::MyRole;
  sub my_function { ... }
  
  package MyApp;
  use MooX::Press (
    role   => ["MyRole"],
    class  => ["MyClass" => { with => "MyRole" }],
  );

If you don't like having method definitions "above" MooX::Press in your file, then you can move them out into a module.

  # MyApp/Methods.pm
  #
  package MyApp::MyRole;
  sub my_function { ... }

  # MyApp.pm
  #
  package MyApp;
  use MyApp::Methods (); # load extra methods
  use MooX::Press (
    role   => ["MyRole"],
    class  => ["MyClass" => { with => "MyRole" }],
  );

Or force MooX::Press to happen at runtime instead of compile time.

  package MyApp;
  require MooX::Press;
  import MooX::Press (
    role   => ["MyRole"],
    class  => ["MyClass" => { with => "MyRole" }],
  );
  
  package MyApp::MyRole;
  sub my_function { ... }

subclass (Any)

This option is not allowed.

factory (Any)

This option is not allowed.

mutable (Any)

This option is silently ignored.

overload (Any)

This option is not allowed.

abstract (Any)

This option is not allowed.

interface (Bool)

An interface is a "light" role.

If a role is marked as an interface, it must not have any can, before, after, around, has, or multimethod options. requires, constant, and type_name are allowed. with is allowed; you should only use with to compose other interfaces (not full roles) though this is not currently enforced.

before_apply (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

Coderef to pass to before_apply from Role::Hooks.

after_apply (CodeRef|ArrayRef[CodeRef])

Coderef to pass to after_apply from Role::Hooks.

Attribute Specifications

Attribute specifications are mostly just passed to the OO toolkit unchanged, somewhat like:

  has $attribute_name => %attribute_spec;

So whatever specifications (required, trigger, coerce, etc) the underlying toolkit supports should be supported.

The following are exceptions:

is (Str)

This is optional rather than being required, and defaults to "ro" (or to default_is if you defined that).

MooX::Press supports the Moo-specific values of "rwp" and "lazy", and will translate them if you're using Moose or Mouse.

There is a special value is => "private" to create private attributes. These attributes cannot be set by the constructor (they always have init_arg => undef) and do not have accessor methods by default. They are stored inside-out, so cannot even be accessed using direct hashref access of the object. If you're thinking this makes them totally inaccessible, and therefore useless, think again.

For private attributes, you can request an accessor as a coderef:

  my $my_attr;             # pre-declare lexical!
  use MooX::Press (
    'class:Foo' => {
      has => {
        'my_attr' => { is => 'private', accessor => \$my_attr },
      },
      can => {
        'my_method' => sub {
          my $self = shift;
          $self->$my_attr(42);        # writer
          return $self->$my_attr();   # reader
        },
      },
    },
  );

Private attributes may have defaults and builders (but they are always lazy!) They may also have handles. You may find you can do everything you need with the builders and delegations, so having an accessor is unnecessary.

(As of version 0.050, setting reader, writer, accessor, clearer, or predicate to a scalarref will also work for public attributes too!)

isa (Str|Object)

When the type constraint is a string, it is always assumed to be a class name and your application's namespace prefix is added. So isa => "HashRef" doesn't mean what you think it means. It means an object blessed into the "YourApp::HashRef" class.

That is a feature though, not a weakness.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix  => 'Nature',
    class   => [
      'Leaf'  => {},
      'Tree'  => {
        has  => {
          'nicest_leaf'  => { isa => 'Leaf' },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

The Nature::Tree and Nature::Leaf classes will be built, and MooX::Press knows that the nicest_leaf is supposed to be a blessed Nature::Leaf object.

String type names can be prefixed with @ or % to indicate an arrayref or hashref of a type:

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix  => 'Nature',
    class   => [
      'Leaf'  => {},
      'Tree'  => {
        has  => {
          'foliage'  => { isa => '@Leaf' },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

For more everything else, use blessed type constraint objects, such as those from Types::Standard, or use type as documented below.

  use Types::Standard qw( Str );
  use MooX::Press (
    prefix  => 'Nature',
    class   => [
      'Leaf'  => {},
      'Tree'  => {
        has  => {
          'foliage'  => { isa => '@Leaf' },
          'species'  => { isa => Str },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

type (Str)

type => "HashRef" does what you think isa => "HashRef" should do. More specifically it searches (by name) your type library, along with Types::Standard, Types::Common::Numeric, and Types::Common::String to find the type constraint it thinks you wanted. It's smart enough to deal with parameterized types, unions, intersections, and complements.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix  => 'Nature',
    class   => [
      'Leaf'  => {},
      'Tree'  => {
        has  => {
          'foliage'  => { isa  => '@Leaf' },
          'species'  => { type => 'Str' },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

type => $blessed_type_object does still work.

type and isa are basically the same as each other, but differ in how they'll interpret a string. isa assumes it's a class name as applies the package prefix to it; type assumes it's the name of a type constraint which has been defined in some type library somewhere.

does (Str)

Similarly to isa, these will be given your namespace prefix.

  # These mean the same...
  does => 'SomeRole',
  type => Types::Standard::ConsumerOf['MyApp::SomeRole'],

enum (ArrayRef[Str])

This is a cute shortcut for an enum type constraint.

  # These mean the same...
  enum => ['foo', 'bar'],
  type => Types::Standard::Enum['foo', 'bar'],

If the type constraint is set to an enum and handles is provided, then MooX::Press will automatically load MooX::Enumeration or MooseX::Enumeration as appropriate. (This is not supported for Mouse.)

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix  => 'Nature',
    class   => [
      'Leaf'  => {
        has  => {
          'colour' => {
            enum    => ['green', 'red', 'brown'],
            handles => 2,
            default => 'green',
          },
        },
       },
    ],
  );
  
  my $leaf = Nature->new_leaf;
  if ( $leaf->colour_is_green ) {
    print "leaf is green!\n";
  }

handles_via (Str|ArrayRef[Str])

If your attribute has a handles_via option, MooX::Press will load Sub::HandlesVia for you.

handles (ArrayRef|HashRef|RoleName)

handles is effectively a mapping of methods in the package being defined to methods in a target package. If handles is a hashref, then it is obvious how that works. If handles is a role name, then the mapping includes all the methods that are part of the role's API, and they map to methods of the same name in the target package. (Only Moose and Mouse support handles being a role name.)

For attributes with an enum type constraint, the special values handles => 1 and handles => 2 described above also work.

When handles is an arrayref, then the different backend modules would interpret it differently:

  # Moo, Moose, Mouse, Sub::HandlesVia, Moo(se)X::Enumeration
  [ "value1", "value2", "value3", "value4" ]
  
  # Lexical::Accessor
  [ "key1" => "value1", "key2" => "value2" ]

Since version 0.050, MooX::Press smooths over the differences between them by converting these arrayrefs to hashrefs. Rather surprisingly, the Lexical::Accessor interpretation of arrayrefs is used. It is treated as a list of key-value pairs.

This is because even though that's the minority interpretation, it's the more useful interpretation, allowing methods from the target package to be given a different name in the package being defined, or even assigned to lexical variables.

  has => [
    'ua' => {
      is      => 'bare',
      default => sub { HTTP::Tiny->new },
      handles => [
        \$get  => 'get',
        \$post => 'post',
      ],
    },
  ],

Now $get will be a coderef that you can call as a method:

  $self->$get($url);   # same as $self->{ua}->get($url)

If you use handles => \%hash, you should get expected behaviour. If you use handles => \@array, just be aware that your array is going to be interpreted like a hash from MooX::Press 0.050 onwards!

coerce (Bool|CodeRef)

MooX::Press automatically implies coerce => 1 when you give a type constraint that has a coercion. If you don't want coercion then explicitly provide coerce => 0.

coerce => sub { ... } is supported even for Moose and Mouse.

builder ("1"|Str|CodeRef)

MooX::Press supports the Moo-specific builder => 1 and builder => sub { ... } and will translate them if you're using Moose or Mouse.

trigger ("1"|Str|CodeRef)

MooX::Press supports the Moo-specific trigger => 1 and trigger => $methodname and will translate them if you're using Moose or Mouse.

clearer ("1"|Str)

MooX::Press supports the Moo-specific clearer => 1 and will translate it if you're using Moose or Mouse.

Method Signatures

Most places where a coderef is expected, MooX::Press will also accept a hashref of the form:

  {
    signature  => [ ... ],
    named      => 1,
    code       => sub { ... },
    attributes => [ ... ],
  }

The signature is a specification to be passed to compile or compile_named_oo from Type::Params (depending on whether named is true or false).

Unlike Type::Params, these signatures allow type constraints to be given as strings, which will be looked up by name.

This should work for can, factory_can, type_library_can, factory, builder methods, and method modifiers. (Though if you are doing type checks in both the methods and method modifiers, this may result in unnecessary duplication of checks.)

The invocant ($self) is not included in the signature. (For around method modifiers, the original coderef $orig is logically a second invocant. For factory methods installed in the factory package, the factory package name and class name are both considered invocants.)

Example with named parameters:

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'Wedding',
    class  => [
      'Person' => { has => [qw( $name $spouse )] },
      'Officiant' => {
        can => {
          'marry' => {
            signature => [ bride => 'Person', groom => 'Person' ],
            named     => 1,
            code      => sub {
              my ($self, $args) = @_;
              $args->bride->spouse($args->groom);
              $args->groom->spouse($args->bride);
              printf("%s, you may kiss the bride\n", $args->groom->name);
              return $self;
            },
          },
        },
      },
    ],
  );
  
  my $alice  = Wedding->new_person(name => 'Alice');
  my $bob    = Wedding->new_person(name => 'Robert');
  
  my $carol  = Wedding->new_officiant(name => 'Carol');
  $carol->marry(bride => $alice, groom => $bob);

Example with positional parameters:

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'Wedding',
    class  => [
      'Person' => { has => [qw( $name $spouse )] },
      'Officiant' => {
        can => {
          'marry' => {
            signature => [ 'Person', 'Person' ],
            code      => sub {
              my ($self, $bride, $groom) = @_;
              $bride->spouse($groom);
              $groom->spouse($bride);
              printf("%s, you may kiss the bride\n", $groom->name);
              return $self;
            },
          },
        },
      },
    ],
  );
  
  my $alice  = Wedding->new_person(name => 'Alice');
  my $bob    = Wedding->new_person(name => 'Robert');
  
  my $carol  = Wedding->new_officiant(name => 'Carol');
  $carol->marry($alice, $bob);

Methods with a mixture of named and positional parameters are not supported. If you really want such a method, don't provide a signature; just provide a coderef and manually unpack @_.

Advanced features:

signature may be a coderef, which is passed @_ (minus invocants) and is expected to return a new @_ in list context after checking and optionally coercing parameters.

Setting optimize => 1 tells MooX::Press to attempt to perform additional compile-time optimizations on the signature to make it slightly faster at runtime. (Sometimes it will find it's unable to optimize anything, so you've just wasted time at compile time.)

code can be a string of Perl code like sub { ... } instead of a real coderef. This doesn't let you close over any variables, but if you can provide code this way, it might be slightly faster.

Optimization Features

MooX::Press will automatically load and apply MooX::XSConstructor if it's installed, which will optmimize constructors for some very basic classes. Again, this is only for Moo classes.

MooX::Press will automatically load MooseX::XSAccessor if it's installed, which speeds up some Moose accessors. This is only used for Moose classes.

Subclassing MooX::Press

All the internals of MooX::Press are called as methods, which should make subclassing it possible.

  package MyX::Press;
  use parent 'MooX::Press';
  use Class::Method::Modifiers;
  
  around make_class => sub {
    my $orig = shift;
    my $self = shift;
    my ($name, %opts) = @_;
    ## Alter %opts here
    my $qname = $self->$orig($name, %opts);
    ## Maybe do something to the returned class
    return $qname;
  };

It is beyond the scope of this documentation to fully describe all the methods you could potentially override, but here is a quick summary of some that may be useful.

import(%opts|\%opts)
qualify_name($name, $prefix)
croak($error)
prepare_type_library($qualified_name)
make_type_for_role($name, %opts)
make_type_for_class($name, %opts)
make_role($name, %opts)
make_class($name, %opts)
install_methods($qualified_name, \%methods)
install_constants($qualified_name, \%values)

FAQ

This is a new module so I haven't had any questions about it yet, let alone any frequently asked ones, but I will anticipate some.

Why doesn't MooX::Press automatically import strict and warnings for me?

Your MooX::Press import will typically contain a lot of strings, maybe some as barewords, some coderefs, etc. You should manually import strict and warnings before importing MooX::Press to ensure all of that is covered by strictures.

Why all the factory stuff?

Factories are big and cool and they put lots of smoke into our atmosphere.

Also, if you do something like:

  use constant APP => 'MyGarden';
  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => APP,
    role  => [
      'LeafGrower' => {
        has => [ '@leafs' => sub { [] } ],
        can => {
          'grow_leaf' => sub {
            my $self = shift;
            my $leaf = $self->FACTORY->new_leaf;
            push @{ $self->leafs }, $leaf;
            return $leaf;
          },
        },
      },
    ],
    class => [
      'Leaf',
      'Tree'  => { with => ['LeafGrower'] },
    ],
  );
  
  my $tree = APP->new_tree;
  my $leaf = $tree->grow_leaf;

And you will notice that the string "MyGarden" doesn't appear anywhere in the definitions for any of the classes and roles. The prefix could be changed to something else entirely and all the classes and roles, all the methods within them, would continue to work.

Whole collections of classes and roles now have portable namespaces. The same classes and roles could be used with different prefixes in different scripts. You could load two different versions of your API in the same script with different prefixes. The possibilities are interesting.

Factory methods are also exportable.

  use MyGarden 'new_tree';
  
  my $maple = new_tree();  # called as a function, not a method

Exported functions can be renamed (see Exporter::Tiny).

  use MyGarden 'new_tree' => { -as => 'germinate' };
  
  my $maple = germinate();

Why doesn't `$object->isa("Leaf")` work?

In the previous question, $object->isa("Leaf") won't work to check if an object is a Leaf. This is because the full name of the class is "MyGarden::Leaf".

You can of course check $object->isa("MyGarden::Leaf") but this means you're starting to hard-code class names and prefixes again, which is one of the things MooX::Press aims to reduce.

The "correct" way to check something is a leaf is:

  use MyGarden::Types qw( is_Leaf );
  
  if ( is_Leaf($object) ) {
    ...;
  }

Or if you really want to use isa:

  use MyGarden::Types qw( Leaf );
  
  if ( $object->isa(Leaf->class) ) {
    ...;
  }

However, the type library is only available after you've used MooX::Press. This can make it tricky to refer to types within your methods.

  use constant APP => 'MyGarden';
  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => APP,
    class => [
      'Leaf',
      'Tree'  => {
        can => {
          'add_leaf' => sub {
            my ($self, $leaf) = @_;
            
            # How to check is_Leaf() here?
            # It's kind of tricky!
            
            my $t = $self->FACTORY->type_library->get_type('Leaf');
            if ($t->check($leaf)) {
              ...;
            }
          },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

As of version 0.019, MooX::Press has method signatures, so you're less likely to need to check types within your methods; you can just do it in the signature. This won't cover every case you need to check types, but it will cover the common ones.

  use constant APP => 'MyGarden';
  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => APP,
    class => [
      'Leaf',
      'Tree'  => {
        can => {
          'add_leaf' => {
            signature => ['Leaf'],
            code      => sub {
              my ($self, $leaf) = @_;
              ...;
            },
          },
        },
      },
    ],
  );

This also makes your code more declarative and less imperative, and that is a Good Thing, design-wise.

The plural of "leaf" is "leaves", right?

Yeah, but that sounds like something is leaving.

How do generators work?

A class generator is like a class of classes.

A role generator is like a class of roles.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'MyApp',
    class  => [
      'Animal' => {
        has => ['$name'],
      },
    ],
    class_generator => [
      'Species' => sub {
        my ($gen, $binomial) = @_;
        return {
          extends  => ['Animal'],
          constant => { binomial => $binomial },
        };
      },
    ],
  );

This generates MyApp::Animal as a class, as you might expect, but also creates a class generator called MyApp::Species.

MyApp::Species is not itself a class but it can make classes. Calling either MyApp::Species->generate_package or MyApp->generate_species will compile a new class and return the class name as a string.

  my $Human = MyApp->generate_species('Homo sapiens');
  my $Dog   = MyApp->generate_species('Canis familiaris');
  
  my $alice = $Human->new(name => 'Alice');
  say $alice->name;      # Alice
  say $alice->binomial;  # Homo sapiens
  
  my $fido  = $Dog->new(name => 'Fido');
  $fido->isa($Dog);               # true
  $fido->isa($Human);             # false
  $fido->isa('MyApp::Animal');    # true
  $fido->isa('MyApp::Species');   # false!!!
  
  use Types::Standard -types;
  use MyApp::Types -types;
  
  is_ClassName($fido)             # false
  is_Object($fido)                # true
  is_Animal($fido);               # true
  is_SpeciesInstance($fido);      # true
  is_SpeciesClass($fido);         # false
  is_ClassName($Dog)              # true
  is_Object($Dog)                 # false
  is_Animal($Dog);                # false
  is_SpeciesInstance($Dog);       # false
  is_SpeciesClass($Dog);          # true

Note that there is no Species type created, but instead a pair of types is created: SpeciesClass and SpeciesInstance.

It is also possible to inherit from generated classes.

  use MooX::Press (
    prefix => 'MyApp',
    class  => [
      'Animal' => {
        has => ['$name'],
      },
      'Dog' => {
        extends => [ 'Species' => ['Canis familiaris'] ]
      },
    ],
    class_generator => [
      'Species' => sub {
        my ($gen, $binomial) = @_;
        return {
          extends  => ['Animal'],
          constant => { binomial => $binomial },
        };
      },
    ],
  );
  
  my $fido = MyApp->new_dog(name => 'Fido');

The inheritance heirarchy for $fido is something like:

  Moo::Object
  ->  MyApp::Animal
    ->  MyApp::Species::__GEN000001__
      ->  MyApp::Dog

Note that MyApp::Species itself isn't in that heirarchy!

Generated roles work pretty much the same, but role_generator instead of class_generator, does instead of isa, and with instead of extends.

No type constraints are automatically created for generated roles.

Are you insane?

Quite possibly.

BUGS

Please report any bugs to http://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Queue=MooX-Press.

AUTHOR

Toby Inkster <tobyink@cpan.org>.

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES

THIS PACKAGE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

To install MooX::Press, copy and paste the appropriate command in to your terminal.

cpanm

cpanm MooX::Press

CPAN shell

perl -MCPAN -e shell
install MooX::Press

For more information on module installation, please visit the detailed CPAN module installation guide.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Import Options

Class Options

Role Options

Attribute Specifications

Method Signatures

Optimization Features

Subclassing MooX::Press

FAQ

Why doesn't MooX::Press automatically import strict and warnings for me?

Why all the factory stuff?

Why doesn't $object->isa("Leaf") work?

The plural of "leaf" is "leaves", right?

How do generators work?

Are you insane?

BUGS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT AND LICENCE

DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES

Module Install Instructions

Why doesn't `$object->isa("Leaf")` work?