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NAME

Install - Build and Installation guide for perl5.

SYNOPSIS

The basic steps to build and install perl5 on a Unix system are:

        rm -f config.sh
        sh Configure
        make
        make test
        make install
        # possibly add these:
        (cd /usr/include  && h2ph *.h sys/*.h)
        cd pod; make html && mv *.html <www home dir>  && cd ..
        cd pod; make tex  && <process the latex files> && cd ..

Each of these is explained in further detail below.

For information on non-Unix systems, see the section on "Porting Information", below.

DESCRIPTION

You should probably at least skim through this entire document before proceeding. Special notes specific to this release are identified by NOTE.

This document is written in pod format as an easy way to indicate its structure. The pod format is described in pod/perlpod.pod, but you can read it as is with any pager or editor.

If you're building Perl on a non-Unix system, you should also read the README file specific to your operating system, since this may provide additional or different instructions for building Perl.

Space Requirements.

The complete perl5 source tree takes up about 7 MB of disk space. The complete tree after completing make takes roughly 15 MB, though the actual total is likely to be quite system-dependent. The installation directories need something on the order of 7 MB, though again that value is system-dependent.

Start with a Fresh Distribution.

If you have built perl before, you should clean out the build directory with the command

        make realclean

The results of a Configure run are stored in the config.sh file. If you are upgrading from a previous version of perl, or if you change systems or compilers or make other significant changes, or if you are experiencing difficulties building perl, you should probably not re-use your old config.sh. Simply remove it or rename it, e.g.

        mv config.sh config.sh.old

If you wish to use your old config.sh, be especially attentive to the version and architecture-specific questions and answers. For example, the default directory for architecture-dependent library modules includes the version name. By default, Configure will reuse your old name (e.g. /opt/perl/lib/i86pc-solaris/5.003) even if you're running Configure for a different version, e.g. 5.004. Yes, Configure should probably check and correct for this, but it doesn't, presently. Similarly, if you used a shared libperl.so (see below) with version numbers, you will probably want to adjust them as well.

Also, be careful to check your architecture name. Some Linux systems call themselves i486, while others use i586. If you pick up a precompiled binary, it might not use the same name.

In short, if you wish to use your old config.sh, I recommend running Configure interactively rather than blindly accepting the defaults.

Run Configure.

Configure will figure out various things about your system. Some things Configure will figure out for itself, other things it will ask you about. To accept the default, just press RETURN. The default is almost always ok.

After it runs, Configure will perform variable substitution on all the *.SH files and offer to run make depend.

Configure supports a number of useful options. Run Configure -h to get a listing. To compile with gcc, for example, you can run

        sh Configure -Dcc=gcc

This is the preferred way to specify gcc (or another alternative compiler) so that the hints files can set appropriate defaults.

If you want to use your old config.sh but override some of the items with command line options, you need to use Configure -O.

If you are willing to accept all the defaults, and you want terse output, you can run

        sh Configure -des

By default, for most systems, perl will be installed in /usr/local/{bin, lib, man}. You can specify a different 'prefix' for the default installation directory, when Configure prompts you or by using the Configure command line option -Dprefix='/some/directory', e.g.

        sh Configure -Dprefix=/opt/perl

If your prefix contains the string "perl", then the directories are simplified. For example, if you use prefix=/opt/perl, then Configure will suggest /opt/perl/lib instead of /usr/local/lib/perl5/.

By default, Configure will compile perl to use dynamic loading, if your system supports it. If you want to force perl to be compiled statically, you can either choose this when Configure prompts you or you can use the Configure command line option -Uusedl.

Extensions

By default, Configure will offer to build every extension which appears to be supported. For example, Configure will offer to build GDBM_File only if it is able to find the gdbm library. (See examples below.) DynaLoader, Fcntl, and IO are always built by default. Configure does not contain code to test for POSIX compliance, so POSIX is always built by default as well. If you wish to skip POSIX, you can set the Configure variable useposix=false either in a hint file or from the Configure command line. Similarly, the Opcode extension is always built by default, but you can skip it by setting the Configure variable useopcode=false either in a hint file for from the command line.

Even if you do not have dynamic loading, you must still build the DynaLoader extension; you should just build the stub dl_none.xs version. (Configure will suggest this as the default.)

In summary, here are the Configure command-line variables you can set to turn off each extension:

    DB_File             i_db
    DynaLoader          (Must always be included as a static extension)
    Fcntl               (Always included by default)
    GDBM_File           i_gdbm
    IO                  (Always included by default)
    NDBM_File           i_ndbm
    ODBM_File           i_dbm
    POSIX               useposix
    SDBM_File           (Always included by default)
    Opcode              useopcode
    Socket              d_socket

Thus to skip the NDBM_File extension, you can use

        sh Configure -Ui_ndbm

Again, this is taken care of automatically if you don't have the ndbm library.

Of course, you may always run Configure interactively and select only the Extensions you want.

Finally, if you have dynamic loading (most modern Unix systems do) remember that these extensions do not increase the size of your perl executable, nor do they impact start-up time, so you probably might as well build all the ones that will work on your system.

GNU-style configure

If you prefer the GNU-style configure command line interface, you can use the supplied configure command, e.g.

        CC=gcc ./configure

The configure script emulates several of the more common configure options. Try

        ./configure --help

for a listing.

Cross compiling is currently not supported.

Including locally-installed libraries

Perl5 comes with interfaces to number of database extensions, including dbm, ndbm, gdbm, and Berkeley db. For each extension, if Configure can find the appropriate header files and libraries, it will automatically include that extension. The gdbm and db libraries are not included with perl. See the library documentation for how to obtain the libraries.

Note: If your database header (.h) files are not in a directory normally searched by your C compiler, then you will need to include the appropriate -I/your/directory option when prompted by Configure. If your database library (.a) files are not in a directory normally searched by your C compiler and linker, then you will need to include the appropriate -L/your/directory option when prompted by Configure. See the examples below.

Examples

gdbm in /usr/local.

Suppose you have gdbm and want Configure to find it and build the GDBM_File extension. This examples assumes you have gdbm.h installed in /usr/local/include/gdbm.h and libgdbm.a installed in /usr/local/lib/libgdbm.a. Configure should figure all the necessary steps out automatically.

Specifically, when Configure prompts you for flags for your C compiler, you should include -I/usr/local/include.

When Configure prompts you for linker flags, you should include -L/usr/local/lib.

If you are using dynamic loading, then when Configure prompts you for linker flags for dynamic loading, you should again include -L/usr/local/lib.

Again, this should all happen automatically. If you want to accept the defaults for all the questions and have Configure print out only terse messages, then you can just run

        sh Configure -des

and Configure should include the GDBM_File extension automatically.

This should actually work if you have gdbm installed in any of (/usr/local, /opt/local, /usr/gnu, /opt/gnu, /usr/GNU, or /opt/GNU).

gdbm in /usr/you

Suppose you have gdbm installed in some place other than /usr/local/, but you still want Configure to find it. To be specific, assume you have /usr/you/include/gdbm.h and /usr/you/lib/libgdbm.a. You still have to add -I/usr/you/include to cc flags, but you have to take an extra step to help Configure find libgdbm.a. Specifically, when Configure prompts you for library directories, you have to add /usr/you/lib to the list.

It is possible to specify this from the command line too (all on one line):

        sh Configure -des \
                -Dlocincpth="/usr/you/include" \
                -Dloclibpth="/usr/you/lib"

locincpth is a space-separated list of include directories to search. Configure will automatically add the appropriate -I directives.

loclibpth is a space-separated list of library directories to search. Configure will automatically add the appropriate -L directives. If you have some libraries under /usr/local/ and others under /usr/you, then you have to include both, namely

        sh Configure -des \
                -Dlocincpth="/usr/you/include /usr/local/include" \
                -Dloclibpth="/usr/you/lib /usr/local/lib"

Installation Directories.

The installation directories can all be changed by answering the appropriate questions in Configure. For convenience, all the installation questions are near the beginning of Configure.

By default, Configure uses the following directories for library files (archname is a string like sun4-sunos, determined by Configure)

        /usr/local/lib/perl5/archname/5.002
        /usr/local/lib/perl5/
        /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/archname
        /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl

and the following directories for manual pages:

        /usr/local/man/man1
        /usr/local/lib/perl5/man/man3

(Actually, Configure recognizes the SVR3-style /usr/local/man/l_man/man1 directories, if present, and uses those instead.) The module man pages are stuck in that strange spot so that they don't collide with other man pages stored in /usr/local/man/man3, and so that Perl's man pages don't hide system man pages. On some systems, man less would end up calling up Perl's less.pm module man page, rather than the less program.

If you specify a prefix that contains the string "perl", then the directory structure is simplified. For example, if you Configure with -Dprefix=/opt/perl, then the defaults are

        /opt/perl/lib/archname/5.002
        /opt/perl/lib
        /opt/perl/lib/site_perl/archname
        /opt/perl/lib/site_perl

        /opt/perl/man/man1
        /opt/perl/man/man3

The perl executable will search the libraries in the order given above.

The directories site_perl and site_perl/archname are empty, but are intended to be used for installing local or site-wide extensions. Perl will automatically look in these directories. Previously, most sites just put their local extensions in with the standard distribution.

In order to support using things like #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.002 after a later version is released, architecture-dependent libraries are stored in a version-specific directory, such as /usr/local/lib/perl5/archname/5.002/. In 5.000 and 5.001, these files were just stored in /usr/local/lib/perl5/archname/. If you will not be using 5.001 binaries, you can delete the standard extensions from the /usr/local/lib/perl5/archname/ directory. Locally-added extensions can be moved to the site_perl and site_perl/archname directories.

Again, these are just the defaults, and can be changed as you run Configure.

Changing the installation directory

Configure distinguishes between the directory in which perl (and its associated files) should be installed and the directory in which it will eventually reside. For most sites, these two are the same; for sites that use AFS, this distinction is handled automatically. However, sites that use software such as depot to manage software packages may also wish to install perl into a different directory and use that management software to move perl to its final destination. This section describes how to do this. Someday, Configure may support an option -Dinstallprefix=/foo to simplify this.

Suppose you want to install perl under the /tmp/perl5 directory. You can edit config.sh and change all the install* variables to point to /tmp/perl5 instead of /usr/local/wherever. You could also set them all from the Configure command line. Or, you can automate this process by placing the following lines in a file config.over before you run Configure (replace /tmp/perl5 by a directory of your choice):

    installprefix=/tmp/perl5
    test -d $installprefix || mkdir $installprefix
    test -d $installprefix/bin || mkdir $installprefix/bin
    installarchlib=`echo $installarchlib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installbin=`echo $installbin | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installman1dir=`echo $installman1dir | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installman3dir=`echo $installman3dir | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installprivlib=`echo $installprivlib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installscript=`echo $installscript | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installsitelib=`echo $installsitelib | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`
    installsitearch=`echo $installsitearch | sed "s!$prefix!$installprefix!"`

Then, you can Configure and install in the usual way:

    sh Configure -des
    make
    make test
    make install

Creating an installable tar archive

If you need to install perl on many identical systems, it is convenient to compile it once and create an archive that can be installed on multiple systems. Here's one way to do that:

    # Set up config.over to install perl into a different directory,
    # e.g. /tmp/perl5 (see previous part).
    sh Configure -des
    make
    make test
    make install
    cd /tmp/perl5
    tar cvf ../perl5-archive.tar .
    # Then, on each machine where you want to install perl,
    cd /usr/local  # Or wherever you specified as $prefix
    tar xvf perl5-archive.tar

Building a shared libperl.so Perl library.

Currently, for most systems, the main perl executable is built by linking the "perl library" libperl.a with perlmain.o, your static extensions (usually just DynaLoader.a) and various extra libraries, such as -lm.

On some systems that support dynamic loading, it may be possible to replace libperl.a with a shared libperl.so. If you anticipate building several different perl binaries (e.g. by embedding libperl into different programs, or by using the optional compiler extension), then you might wish to build a shared libperl.so so that all your binaries can share the same library.

The disadvantages are that there may be a significant performance penalty associated with the shared libperl.so, and that the overall meachanism is still rather fragile with respect to different versions and upgrades.

In terms of performance, on my test system (Solaris 2.5_x86) the perl test suite took roughly 15% longer to run with the shared libperl.so. Your system and typical applications may well give quite different results.

The default name for the shared library is typically something like libperl.so.3.2 (for perl5.003_02) or libperl.so.302 or simply libperl.so. Configure tries to guess a sensible naming convention based on your C library name. Since the library gets installed in a version-specific architecture-dependent directory, the exact name isn't very important anyway, as long as your linker is happy.

For some systems (mostly SVR4), building a shared libperl is required for dynamic loading to work, and hence is already the default.

You can elect to build a shared libperl by

        sh Configure -Duseshrplib

To actually build perl, you must add the current working directory to your LD_LIBRARY_PATH environtment variable before running make. You can do this with

   LD_LIBRARY_PATH=`pwd`:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH; export LD_LIBRARY_PATH

for Bourne-style shells, or

   setenv LD_LIBRARY_PATH `pwd`

for Csh-style shells. You *MUST* do this before running make. Folks running NeXT OPENSTEP must substitute DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH for LD_LIBRARY_PATH above.

There is also an potential problem with the shared perl library if you want to have more than one "flavor" of the same version of perl (e.g. with and without -DDEBUGGING). For example, suppose you build and install a standard perl5.004 with a shared library. Then, suppose you try to build perl5.004 with -DDEBUGGING enabled, but everything else the same, including all the installation directories. How can you ensure that your newly built perl will link with your newly built libperl.so.4 rather with the installed libperl.so.4? The answer is that you might not be able to. The installation directory is encoded in the perl binary with the LD_RUN_PATH environment variable (or equivalent ld command-line option). On Solaris, you can override that with LD_LIBRARY_PATH; on Linux you can't.

The only reliable answer is that you should specify a different directory for the architecture-dependent library for your -DDEBUGGING version of perl. You can do this with by changing all the *archlib* variables in config.sh, namely archlib, archlib_exp, and installarchlib, to point to your new architecture-dependent library.

Selecting File IO mechanisms

Previous versions of perl used the standard IO mechanisms as defined in <stdio.h>. Versions 5.003_02 and later of perl allow alternate IO mechanisms via a "PerlIO" abstraction, but the stdio mechanism is still the default and is the only supported mechanism.

This PerlIO abstraction can be enabled either on the Configure command line with

        sh Configure -Duseperlio

or interactively at the appropriate Configure prompt.

If you choose to use the PerlIO abstraction layer, there are two (experimental) possibilities for the underlying IO calls. These have been tested to some extent on some platforms, but are not guaranteed to work everywhere.

  1. AT&T's "sfio". This has superior performance to <stdio.h> in many cases, and is extensible by the use of "disipline" modules. Sfio currently only builds on a subset of the UNIX platforms perl supports. Because the data structures are completely different from stdio, perl extension modules or external libraries may not work. This configuration exists to allow these issues to be worked on.

    This option requires the 'sfio' package to have been built and installed. A (fairly old) version of sfio is in CPAN, and work is in progress to make it more easily buildable by adding Configure support.

    You select this option by

            sh Configure -Duseperlio -Dusesfio

    If you have already selected -Duseperlio, and if Configure detects that you have sfio, then sfio will be the default suggested by Configure.

  2. Normal stdio IO, but with all IO going through calls to the PerlIO abstraction layer. This configuration can be used to check that perl and extension modules have been correctly converted to use the PerlIO abstraction.

    This configuration should work on all platforms (but might not).

    You select this option via :

            sh Configure -Duseperlio -Uusesfio

    If you have already selected -Duseperlio, and if Configure does not detect sfio, then this will be the default suggested by Configure.

What if it doesn't work?

Running Configure Interactively

If Configure runs into trouble, remember that you can always run Configure interactively so that you can check (and correct) its guesses.

All the installation questions have been moved to the top, so you don't have to wait for them. Once you've handled them (and your C compiler & flags) you can type &-d at the next Configure prompt and Configure will use the defaults from then on.

If you find yourself trying obscure command line incantations and config.over tricks, I recommend you run Configure interactively instead. You'll probably save yourself time in the long run.

Hint files.

The perl distribution includes a number of system-specific hints files in the hints/ directory. If one of them matches your system, Configure will offer to use that hint file.

Several of the hint files contain additional important information. If you have any problems, it is a good idea to read the relevant hint file for further information. See hints/solaris_2.sh for an extensive example.

*** WHOA THERE!!! ***

Occasionally, Configure makes a wrong guess. For example, on SunOS 4.1.3, Configure incorrectly concludes that tzname[] is in the standard C library. The hint file is set up to correct for this. You will see a message:

    *** WHOA THERE!!! ***
        The recommended value for $d_tzname on this machine was "undef"!
        Keep the recommended value? [y]

You should always keep the recommended value unless, after reading the relevant section of the hint file, you are sure you want to try overriding it.

If you are re-using an old config.sh, the word "previous" will be used instead of "recommended". Again, you will almost always want to keep the previous value, unless you have changed something on your system.

For example, suppose you have added libgdbm.a to your system and you decide to reconfigure perl to use GDBM_File. When you run Configure again, you will need to add -lgdbm to the list of libraries. Now, Configure will find your gdbm library and will issue a message:

    *** WHOA THERE!!! ***
        The previous value for $i_gdbm on this machine was "undef"!
        Keep the previous value? [y]

In this case, you do not want to keep the previous value, so you should answer 'n'. (You'll also have to manually add GDBM_File to the list of dynamic extensions to build.)

Changing Compilers

If you change compilers or make other significant changes, you should probably not re-use your old config.sh. Simply remove it or rename it, e.g. mv config.sh config.sh.old. Then rerun Configure with the options you want to use.

This is a common source of problems. If you change from cc to gcc, you should almost always remove your old config.sh.

Propagating your changes to config.sh

If you make any changes to config.sh, you should propagate them to all the .SH files by running sh Configure -S. You will then have to rebuild by running

        make depend
        make
config.over

You can also supply a shell script config.over to over-ride Configure's guesses. It will get loaded up at the very end, just before config.sh is created. You have to be careful with this, however, as Configure does no checking that your changes make sense. See the section on "Changing the installation directory" for an example.

config.h

Many of the system dependencies are contained in config.h. Configure builds config.h by running the config_h.SH script. The values for the variables are taken from config.sh.

If there are any problems, you can edit config.h directly. Beware, though, that the next time you run Configure, your changes will be lost.

cflags

If you have any additional changes to make to the C compiler command line, they can be made in cflags.SH. For instance, to turn off the optimizer on toke.c, find the line in the switch structure for toke.c and put the command optimize='-g' before the ;;. You can also edit cflags directly, but beware that your changes will be lost the next time you run Configure.

To change the C flags for all the files, edit config.sh and change either $ccflags or $optimize, and then re-run sh Configure -S ; make depend.

No sh.

If you don't have sh, you'll have to copy the sample file config_H to config.h and edit the config.h to reflect your system's peculiarities. You'll probably also have to extensively modify the extension building mechanism.

Porting information

Specific information for the OS/2, Plan9, and VMS ports are in the corresponing subdirectories. Additional information, including a glossary of all those config.sh variables, is in the Porting subdirectory.

Ports for other systems may also be available. You should check out "www.perl.com/CPAN/ports"" in "http: for current information on ports to various other operating systems.

Binary Compatibility With 5.003

Perl 5.003 turned on the EMBED feature by default, which tries to avoid possible symbol name conflict by prefixing all global symbols with "Perl_". However, its list of global symbols was incomplete. This error has been rectified in Perl 5.004.

However, some sites may need to maintain complete binary compatibility with Perl 5.003. If you are building Perl for such a site, then when Configure asks if you want binary compatibility, answer "y".

make depend

This will look for all the includes. The output is stored in makefile. The only difference between Makefile and makefile is the dependencies at the bottom of makefile. If you have to make any changes, you should edit makefile, not Makefile since the Unix make command reads makefile first. (On non-Unix systems, the output may be stored in a different file. Check the value of $firstmakefile in your config.sh if in doubt.)

Configure will offer to do this step for you, so it isn't listed explicitly above.

make

This will attempt to make perl in the current directory.

If you can't compile successfully, try some of the following ideas. If none of them help, and careful reading of the error message and the relevant manual pages on your system doesn't help, you can send a message to either the comp.lang.perl.misc newsgroup or to perlbug@perl.com with an accurate description of your problem. Please include the output of the ./myconfig shell script that comes with the distribution.

[The perlbug program that comes with the perl distribution is useful for sending in such reports, but you need to have perl compiled and installed before you can use it.]

  • If you used a hint file, try reading the comments in the hint file for further tips and information.

  • If you can successfully build miniperl, but the process crashes during the building of extensions, you should run

            make minitest

    to test your version of miniperl.

  • locale

    If you have any locale-related environment variables set, try unsetting them. I have some reports that some versions of IRIX hang while running ./miniperl configpm with locales other than the C locale. See the discussion under "make test" below about locales.

  • If you get duplicates upon linking for malloc et al, say -DHIDEMYMALLOC.

  • varargs

    If you get varargs problems with gcc, be sure that gcc is installed correctly. When using gcc, you should probably have i_stdarg='define' and i_varargs='undef' in config.sh. The problem is usually solved by running fixincludes correctly. If you do change config.sh, don't forget to propagate your changes (see "Propagating your changes to config.sh" below). See also the "vsprintf" item below.

  • If you get error messages such as the following (the exact line numbers will vary in different versions of perl):

        util.c: In function `Perl_croak':
        util.c:962: number of arguments doesn't match prototype
        proto.h:45: prototype declaration

    it might well be a symptom of the gcc "varargs problem". See the previous "varargs" item.

  • Solaris and SunOS dynamic loading

    If you have problems with dynamic loading using gcc on SunOS or Solaris, and you are using GNU as and GNU ld, you may need to add -B/bin/ (for SunOS) or -B/usr/ccs/bin/ (for Solaris) to your $ccflags, $ldflags, and $lddlflags so that the system's versions of as and ld are used. Alternatively, you can use the GCC_EXEC_PREFIX environment variable to ensure that Sun's as and ld are used. Consult your gcc documentation for further information on the -B option and the GCC_EXEC_PREFIX variable.

  • ld.so.1: ./perl: fatal: relocation error:

    If you get this message on SunOS or Solaris, and you're using gcc, it's probably the GNU as or GNU ld problem in the previous item "Solaris and SunOS dynamic loading".

  • If you run into dynamic loading problems, check your setting of the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable. Perl should build fine with LD_LIBRARY_PATH unset, though that may depend on details of your local set-up.

  • dlopen: stub interception failed

    The primary cause of the 'dlopen: stub interception failed' message is that the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable includes a directory which is a symlink to /usr/lib (such as /lib).

    The reason this causes a problem is quite subtle. The file libdl.so.1.0 actually *only* contains functions which generate 'stub interception failed' errors! The runtime linker intercepts links to "/usr/lib/libdl.so.1.0" and links in internal implementation of those functions instead. [Thanks to Tim Bunce for this explanation.]

  • If Configure seems to be having trouble finding library functions, try not using nm extraction. You can do this from the command line with

            sh Configure -Uusenm

    or by answering the nm extraction question interactively. If you have previously run Configure, you should not reuse your old config.sh.

  • vsprintf

    If you run into problems with vsprintf in compiling util.c, the problem is probably that Configure failed to detect your system's version of vsprintf(). Check whether your system has vprintf(). (Virtually all modern Unix systems do.) Then, check the variable d_vprintf in config.sh. If your system has vprintf, it should be:

            d_vprintf='define'

    If Configure guessed wrong, it is likely that Configure guessed wrong on a number of other common functions too. You are probably better off re-running Configure without using nm extraction (see previous item).

  • If you can't compile successfully, try turning off your compiler's optimizier. Edit config.sh and change the line

            optimize='-O'

    to something like

            optimize=' '

    then propagate your changes with sh Configure -S and rebuild with make depend; make.

  • If you still can't compile successfully, try adding a -DCRIPPLED_CC flag. (Just because you get no errors doesn't mean it compiled right!) This simplifies some complicated expressions for compilers that get indigestion easily.

  • Missing functions

    If you have missing routines, you probably need to add some library or other, or you need to undefine some feature that Configure thought was there but is defective or incomplete. Look through config.h for likely suspects.

  • Some compilers will not compile or optimize the larger files without some extra switches to use larger jump offsets or allocate larger internal tables. You can customize the switches for each file in cflags. It's okay to insert rules for specific files into makefile since a default rule only takes effect in the absence of a specific rule.

  • Missing dbmclose

    SCO prior to 3.2.4 may be missing dbmclose(). An upgrade to 3.2.4 that includes libdbm.nfs (which includes dbmclose()) may be available.

  • Warning (will try anyway): No library found for -lposix

    If you see such a message during the building of an extension, but the extension passes its tests anyway (see "make test" below), then don't worry about the warning message. The extension Makefile.PL goes looking for various libraries needed on various systems; few systems will need all the possible libries listed. For example, a system may have -lcposix or -lposix, but it's unlikely to have both, so most users will see warnings for the one they don't have. The message 'will try anyway' is intended to reassure you that the process is continuing.

    On the other hand, if you are building GDBM_File and you get the message

        Warning (will try anyway): No library found for -lgdbm

    then it's likely you're going to run into trouble somewhere along the line, since it's hard to see how you can use the GDBM_File extension without the -lgdbm library.

    It is true that, in principle, Configure could have figured all of this out, but Configure and the extension building process are not quite that tightly coordinated.

  • Some additional things that have been reported for either perl4 or perl5:

    Genix may need to use libc rather than libc_s, or #undef VARARGS.

    NCR Tower 32 (OS 2.01.01) may need -W2,-Sl,2000 and #undef MKDIR.

    UTS may need one or more of -DCRIPPLED_CC, -K or -g, and undef LSTAT.

    If you get syntax errors on '(', try -DCRIPPLED_CC.

    Machines with half-implemented dbm routines will need to #undef I_ODBM

    db-recno failure on tests 51, 53 and 55: Old versions of the DB library (including the DB library which comes with FreeBSD 2.1) had broken handling of recno databases with modified bval settings. Upgrade your DB library or OS.

make test

This will run the regression tests on the perl you just made. If it doesn't say "All tests successful" then something went wrong. See the file t/README in the t subdirectory. Note that you can't run it in background if this disables opening of /dev/tty.

If make test bombs out, just cd to the t directory and run TEST by hand to see if it makes any difference. If individual tests bomb, you can run them by hand, e.g.,

        ./perl op/groups.t

You can also read the individual tests to see if there are any helpful comments that apply to your system.

Note: one possible reason for errors is that some external programs may be broken due to the combination of your environment and the way make test exercises them. For example, this may happen if you have one or more of these environment variables set: LC_ALL LC_CTYPE LC_COLLATE LANG. In some versions of UNIX, the non-English locales are known to cause programs to exhibit mysterious errors.

If you have any of the above environment variables set, please try setenv LC_ALL C (for C shell) or <LC_ALL=C;export LC_ALL> (for Bourne or Korn shell) from the command line and then retry make test. If the tests then succeed, you may have a broken program that is confusing the testing. Please run the troublesome test by hand as shown above and see whether you can locate the program. Look for things like: exec, `backquoted command`, system, open("|...") or open("...|"). All these mean that Perl is trying to run some external program.

INSTALLING PERL5

make install

This will put perl into the public directory you specified to Configure; by default this is /usr/local/bin. It will also try to put the man pages in a reasonable place. It will not nroff the man page, however. You may need to be root to run make install. If you are not root, you must own the directories in question and you should ignore any messages about chown not working.

You may see some harmless error messages and warnings from pod2man. You may safely ignore them. (Yes, they should be fixed, but they didn't seem important enough to warrant holding up the entire release.)

If you want to see exactly what will happen without installing anything, you can run

        ./perl installperl -n
        ./perl installman -n

make install will install the following:

        perl,
            perl5.nnn   where nnn is the current release number.  This
                        will be a link to perl.
        suidperl,
            sperl5.nnn  If you requested setuid emulation.
        a2p             awk-to-perl translator
        cppstdin        This is used by perl -P, if your cc -E can't
                        read from stdin.
        c2ph, pstruct   Scripts for handling C structures in header files.
        s2p             sed-to-perl translator
        find2perl       find-to-perl translator
        h2xs            Converts C .h header files to Perl extensions.
        perlbug         Tool to report bugs in Perl.
        perldoc         Tool to read perl's pod documentation.
        pod2html,       Converters from perl's pod documentation format
        pod2latex, and  to other useful formats.
        pod2man

        library files   in $privlib and $archlib specified to
                        Configure, usually under /usr/local/lib/perl5/.
        man pages       in the location specified to Configure, usually
                        something like /usr/local/man/man1.
        module          in the location specified to Configure, usually
        man pages       under /usr/local/lib/perl5/man/man3.
        pod/*.pod       in $privlib/pod/.

Installperl will also create the library directories $siteperl and $sitearch listed in config.sh. Usually, these are something like /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/ /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/$archname where $archname is something like sun4-sunos. These directories will be used for installing extensions.

Perl's *.h header files and the libperl.a library are also installed under $archlib so that any user may later build new extensions, run the optional Perl compiler, or embed the perl interpreter into another program even if the Perl source is no longer available.

Most of the documentation in the pod/ directory is also available in HTML and LaTeX format. Type

        cd pod; make html; cd ..

to generate the html versions, and

        cd pod; make tex; cd ..

to generate the LaTeX versions.

cd /usr/include; h2ph *.h sys/*.h

Some of the perl library files need to be able to obtain information from the system header files. This command will convert the most commonly used header files in /usr/include into files that can be easily interpreted by perl. These files will be placed in architectural library directory you specified to Configure; by default this is /usr/local/lib/perl5/ARCH/VERSION, where ARCH is your architecture (such as sun4-solaris) and VERSION is the version of perl you are building (for example, 5.003).

NOTE: Due to differences in the C and perl languages, the conversion of the header files in not perfect. You may have to hand edit some of the converted files to get them to parse correctly. For example, it breaks spectacularly on type casting and certain structures.

Coexistence with earlier versions of perl5.

You can safely install the current version of perl5 and still run scripts under the old binaries for versions 5.003 and later ONLY. Instead of starting your script with #!/usr/local/bin/perl, just start it with #!/usr/local/bin/perl5.003 (or whatever version you want to run.) If you want to retain a version of perl5 prior to perl5.003, you'll need to install the current version in a separate directory tree, since some of the architecture-independent library files have changed in incompatible ways.

The architecture-dependent files are stored in a version-specific directory (such as /usr/local/lib/perl5/sun4-sunos/5.002) so that they are still accessible. Note: perl5.000 and perl5.001 did not put their architecture-dependent libraries in a version-specific directory. They are simply in /usr/local/lib/perl5/$archname. If you will not be using 5.000 or 5.001, you may safely remove those files.

The standard library files in /usr/local/lib/perl5 should be usable by all versions of perl5.

Most extensions will probably not need to be recompiled to use with a newer version of perl. If you do run into problems, and you want to continue to use the old version of perl along with your extension, simply move those extension files to the appropriate version directory, such as /usr/local/lib/perl/archname/5.002. Then perl5.002 will find your files in the 5.002 directory, and newer versions of perl will find your newer extension in the site_perl directory.

Some users may prefer to keep all versions of perl in completely separate directories. One convenient way to do this is by using a separate prefix for each version, such as

        sh Configure -Dprefix=/opt/perl5.002

and adding /opt/perl5.002/bin to the shell PATH variable. Such users may also wish to add a symbolic link /usr/local/bin/perl so that scripts can still start with #!/usr/local/bin/perl.

NOTE: Starting with 5.002_01, all functions in the perl C source code are protected by default by the prefix Perl_ (or perl_) so that you may link with third-party libraries without fear of namespace collisons. This breaks compatability with version 5.002, so once you install 5.002_01 (or higher) you will need to re-build and install all of your dynamically loadable extensions. (The standard extensions supplied with Perl are handled automatically). You can turn off this namespace protection by adding -DNO_EMBED to your ccflags variable in config.sh.

In the future, we certainly hope that most extensions won't need to be recompiled for use with a newer version of perl.

Coexistence with perl4

You can safely install perl5 even if you want to keep perl4 around.

By default, the perl5 libraries go into /usr/local/lib/perl5/, so they don't override the perl4 libraries in /usr/local/lib/perl/.

In your /usr/local/bin directory, you should have a binary named perl4.036. That will not be touched by the perl5 installation process. Most perl4 scripts should run just fine under perl5. However, if you have any scripts that require perl4, you can replace the #! line at the top of them by #!/usr/local/bin/perl4.036 (or whatever the appropriate pathname is). See pod/perltrap.pod for possible problems running perl4 scripts under perl5.

DOCUMENTATION

Read the manual entries before running perl. The main documentation is in the pod/ subdirectory and should have been installed during the build process. Type man perl to get started. Alternatively, you can type perldoc perl to use the supplied perldoc script. This is sometimes useful for finding things in the library modules.

AUTHOR

Andy Dougherty <doughera@lafcol.lafayette.edu>, borrowing very heavily from the original README by Larry Wall.

LAST MODIFIED

24 December 1996

9 POD Errors

The following errors were encountered while parsing the POD:

Around line 705:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 716:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 738:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 749:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 762:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 786:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 821:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 837:

Expected '=item *'

Around line 842:

Expected '=item *'