Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaper -- alternate paper folding curve
use Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaper; my $path = Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaper->new; my ($x, $y) = $path->n_to_xy (123);
This is an integer version of the alternate paper folding curve (a variation on the DragonCurve paper folding).
8 | 128 | | 7 | 42---43/127 | | | 6 | 40---41/45--44/124 | | | | 5 | 34---35/39--38/46--47/123 | | | | | 4 | 32---33/53--36/52--37/49--48/112 | | | | | | 3 | 10---11/31--30/54--51/55--50/58--59/111 | | | | | | | 2 | 8----9/13--12/28--29/25--24/56--57/61--60/108 | | | | | | | | 1 | 2----3/7---6/14--15/27--26/18--19/23---22/62--63/107 | | | | | | | | | Y=0 | 0-----1 4-----5 16-----17 20-----21 64---.. | +------------------------------------------------------------ X=0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The curve visits the X axis points and the X=Y diagonal points once each and visits "inside" points between there twice each. The first doubled point is X=2,Y=1 which is N=3 and also N=7. The segments N=2,3,4 and N=6,7,8 have touched, but the curve doesn't cross over itself. The doubled vertices are all like this, touching but not crossing, and no edges repeat.
The first step N=1 is to the right along the X axis and the path fills the eighth of the plane up to the X=Y diagonal inclusive.
The X axis N=0,1,4,5,16,17,etc is the integers which have only digits 0,1 in base 4, or equivalently those which have a 0 bit at each odd numbered bit position.
The X=Y diagonal N=0,2,8,10,32,etc is the integers which have only digits 0,2 in base 4, or equivalently those which have a 0 bit at each even numbered bit position.
The X axis values are the same as on the ZOrderCurve X axis, and the X=Y diagonal is the same as the ZOrderCurve Y axis, but in between the two are different. (See Math::PlanePath::ZOrderCurve.)
The curve arises from thinking of a strip of paper folded in half alternately one way and the other, and then unfolded so each crease is a 90 degree angle. The effect is that the curve repeats in successive doublings turned 90 degrees and reversed.
The first segment N=0 to N=1 unfolds clockwise, pivoting at the endpoint "1",
2 -> | unfold / | ===> | | | 0------1 0-------1
Then that "L" shape unfolds again, pivoting at the end "2", but anti-clockwise, on the opposite side to the first unfold,
2-------3 2 | | | unfold | ^ | | ===> | _/ | | | | 0------1 0-------1 4
In general after each unfold the shape is a triangle as follows. "N" marks the N=2^k endpoint in the shape, either bottom right or top centre.
after even number after odd number of unfolds, of unfolds, N=0 to N=2^even N=0 to N=2^odd . N /| / \ / | / \ / | / \ / | / \ / | / \ /_____N /___________\ 0,0 0,0
For an even number of unfolds the triangle consists of 4 sub-parts numbered by the high digit of N in base 4. Those sub-parts are self-similar in the direction ">", "^" etc as follows, and with a reversal for parts 1 and 3.
+ /| / | / | / 2>| +----+ /|\ 3| / | \ v| / |^ \ | / 0>| 1 \| +----+----+
The arms parameter can choose 1 to 8 curve arms successively advancing. Each fills an eighth of the plane. The second arm is mirrored across the X=Y leading diagonal, so
arms
arms => 2 | | | | | | 4 | 33---31/55---25/57---23/63---64/65-- | | | | | 3 | 11---13/29---19/27---20/21---22/62-- | | | | | | 2 | 9----7/15---16/17---18/26---24/56-- | | | | | 1 | 3----4/5-----6/14---12/28---30/54-- | | | | | | Y=0 | 0/1----2 8------10 32--- | +------------- ------------------------- X=0 1 2 3 4
Here the even N=0,2,4,6,etc is the plain curve below the X=Y diagonals and odd N=1,3,5,7,9,etc is the mirrored copy.
Arms 3 and 4 are the same but rotated +90 degrees and starting from X=0,Y=1. That start point ensures each edge between integer points is traversed just once.
arms => 4 | | | | | --34/35---14/30---18/21--25/57----37/53-- 3 | | | | | --15/31---10/11----6/17--13/29----32/33-- 2 | | | | | --19 7-----2/3/5---8/9-----12/28-- 1 | | | 0/1-----4 16-- <- Y=0 ----------------------------------------- -1 -2 X=0 1 2
Points N=0,4,8,12,etc is the plain curve, N=1,5,9,13,etc the second mirrored arm, N=2,6,10,14,etc is arm 3 which is the plain curve rotated +90, and N=3,7,11,15,etc the rotated and mirrored.
Arms 5 and 6 start at X=-1,Y=1, and arms 7 and 8 start at X=-1,Y=0 so they too traverse each edge once. With a full 8 arms each point is visited twice except for the four start points which are three times.
arms => 8 | | | | | | --75/107--66/67---26/58---34/41---49/113--73/105-- 3 | | | | | | --51/115---27/59---18/19--10/33---25/57---64/65-- 2 | | | | | | --36/43---12/35---4/5/11---2/3/9--16/17---24/56-- 1 | | | | | | --28/60---20/21---6/7/13--0/1/15---8/39---32/47-- <- Y=0 | | | | | | --68/69---29/61----14/37---22/23--31/63---55/119-- -1 | | | | | | --77/109--53/117---38/45---30/62--70/71---79/111-- -2 | | | | | | ^ -3 -2 -1 X=0 1 2
See "FUNCTIONS" in Math::PlanePath for behaviour common to all path classes.
$path = Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaper->new ()
$path = Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaper->new (arms => $integer)
Create and return a new path object.
($x,$y) = $path->n_to_xy ($n)
Return the X,Y coordinates of point number $n on the path. Points begin at 0 and if $n < 0 then the return is an empty list.
$n
$n < 0
Fractional positions give an X,Y position along a straight line between the integer points.
@n_list = $path->xy_to_n_list ($x,$y)
Return a list of N point numbers for coordinates $x,$y.
$x,$y
For arms=1 there may be none, one or two N's for a given $x,$y. For multiple arms the origin points X=0 or 1 and Y=0 or -1 have up to 3 Ns, being the starting points of the arms. For arms=8 those 4 points have 3 N and every other $x,$y has exactly two Ns.
$n = $path->n_start()
Return 0, the first N in the path.
($n_lo, $n_hi) = $path->level_to_n_range($level)
Return (0, 2**$level), or for multiple arms return (0, $arms * 2**$level + ($arms-1)).
(0, 2**$level)
(0, $arms * 2**$level + ($arms-1))
This is the same as "Level Methods" in Math::PlanePath::DragonCurve. Each level is an unfold (on alternate sides left or right).
Various formulas for coordinates, lengths and area can be found in the author's mathematical write-up
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/alternate/index.html
At each point N the curve always turns either left or right, it never goes straight ahead. The turn is given by the bit above the lowest 1 bit in N and whether that position is odd or even.
N = 0b...z100..00 (including possibly no trailing 0s) ^ pos, counting from 0 for least significant bit (z bit) XOR (pos&1) Turn ------------------- ---- 0 right 1 left
For example N=10 binary 0b1010 has lowest 1 bit at 0b__1_ and the bit above that is a 0 at even number pos=2, so turn to the right.
The bits also give the turn after next by looking at the bit above the lowest 0.
N = 0b...w011..11 (including possibly no trailing 1s) ^ pos, counting from 0 for least significant bit (w bit) XOR (pos&1) Next Turn ------------------- --------- 0 right 1 left
For example at N=10 binary 0b1010 the lowest 0 is the least significant bit, and above that is a 1 at odd pos=1, so at N=10+1=11 turn right. This works simply because w011..11 when incremented becomes w100..00 which is the "z" form above.
The inversion at odd bit positions can be applied with an xor 0b1010..1010. With that done the turn calculation is then the same as the DragonCurve (see "Turn" in Math::PlanePath::DragonCurve).
The total turn can be calculated from the segment replacements resulting from the bits of N.
each bit of N from high to low when plain state 0 -> no change 1 -> turn left if even bit pos or turn right if odd bit pos and go to reversed state when reversed state 1 -> no change 0 -> turn left if even bit pos or turn right if odd bit pos and go to plain state (bit positions numbered from 0 for the least significant bit)
This is similar to the DragonCurve (see "Total Turn" in Math::PlanePath::DragonCurve) except the turn is either left or right according to an odd or even bit position of the transition, instead of always left for the DragonCurve.
Since there's always a turn either left or right, never straight ahead, the X coordinate changes, then Y coordinate changes, alternately.
N=0 dX 1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 ... dY 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 ...
X changes when N is even, Y changes when N is odd. Each change is either +1 or -1. Which it is follows the Golay-Rudin-Shapiro sequence which is parity odd or even of the count of adjacent 11 bit pairs.
In the total turn above it can be seen that if the 0->1 transition is at an odd position and 1->0 transition at an even position then there's a turn to the left followed by a turn to the right for no net change. Likewise an even and an odd. This means runs of 1 bits with an odd length have no effect on the direction. Runs of even length on the other hand are a left followed by a left, or a right followed by a right, for 180 degrees, which negates the dX change. Thus
if N even then dX = (-1)^(count even length runs of 1 bits in N) if N odd then dX = 0
This (-1)^count is related to the Golay-Rudin-Shapiro sequence,
GRS = (-1) ^ (count of adjacent 11 bit pairs in N) = (-1) ^ count_1_bits(N & (N>>1)) = / +1 if (N & (N>>1)) even parity \ -1 if (N & (N>>1)) odd parity
The GRS is +1 on an odd length run of 1 bits, for example a run 111 is two 11 bit pairs. The GRS is -1 on an even length run, for example 1111 is three 11 bit pairs. So modulo 2 the power in the GRS is the same as the count of even length runs and therefore
dX = / GRS(N) if N even \ 0 if N odd
For dY the total turn and odd/even runs of 1s is the same 180 degree changes, except N is odd for a Y change so the least significant bit is 1 and there's no return to "plain" state. If this lowest run of 1s starts on an even position (an odd number of 1s) then it's a turn left for +1. Conversely if the run started at an odd position (an even number of 1s) then a turn right for -1. The result for this last run is the same "negate if even length" as the rest of the GRS, just for a slightly different reason.
dY = / 0 if N even \ GRS(N) if N odd
At a consecutive pair of points N=2k and N=2k+1 the dX and dY can be expressed together in terms of GRS(k) as
dX = GRS(2k) = GRS(k) dY = GRS(2k+1) = GRS(k) * (-1)^k = / GRS(k) if k even \ -GRS(k) if k odd
For dY reducing 2k+1 to k drops a 1 bit from the low end. If the second lowest bit is also a 1 then they were a "11" bit pair which is lost from GRS(k). The factor (-1)^k adjusts for that, being +1 if k even or -1 if k odd.
From the dX and dY formulas above it can be seen that their sum is simply GRS(N),
dSum = dX + dY = GRS(N)
The sum X+Y is a numbering of anti-diagonal lines,
| \ \ \ |\ \ \ \ | \ \ \ \ |\ \ \ \ \ | \ \ \ \ \ |\ \ \ \ \ \ +------------ 0 1 2 3 4 5
The curve steps each time either up to the next or back to the previous according to dSum=GRS(N).
The way the curve visits outside edge X,Y points once each and inner X,Y points twice each means an anti-diagonal s=X+Y is visited a total of s many times. The diagonal has floor(s/2)+1 many points. When s is odd the first is visited once and the rest visited twice. When s is even the X=Y point is only visited once. In each case the total is s many visits.
The way the coordinate sum s=X+Y occurs s many times is a geometric interpretation to the way the cumulative GRS sequence has each value k occurring k many times. (See Math::NumSeq::GolayRudinShapiroCumulative.)
The alternate paper folding curve is in Sloane's Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences as
http://oeis.org/A106665 (etc)
A020986 X coordinate unduplicated, X+Y coordinate sum being Golay/Rudin/Shapiro cumulative A020990 Y coordinate unduplicated, X-Y diff starting from N=1 being Golay/Rudin/Shapiro * (-1)^n cumulative A068915 Y when N even, X when N odd
Since the X and Y coordinates each change alternately, each coordinate appears twice, for instance X=0,1,1,2,2,3,3,2,2,etc. A020986 and A020990 are "undoubled" X and Y in the sense of just one copy of each of those paired values.
A209615 turn 1=left,-1=right A292077 turn 0=left,1=right A106665 next turn 1=left,0=right, a(0) is turn at N=1 A020985 dX and dY alternately, dSum change in X+Y being Golay/Rudin/Shapiro sequence +1,-1 A020987 GRS with values 0,1 instead of +1,-1 A077957 Y at N=2^k, being alternately 0 and 2^(k/2) A000695 N on X axis, being base 4 digits 0,1 only A007088 in base-4 A151666 predicate 0,1 for N on X axis A062880 N on diagonal, being base 4 digits 0,2 only A169965 in base-4 A126684 N single-visited points, either X axis or diagonal A176237 N double-visited points A270804 N segments of X=Y diagonal stair-step A270803 0,1 predicate for these segments A022155 N positions of West or South segments, being GRS < 0, ie. dSum < 0 so move to previous anti-diagonal A203463 N positions of East or North segments, being GRS > 0, ie. dSum > 0 so move to next anti-diagonal A212591 N-1 of first time on X+Y=s anti-diagonal A047849 N of first time on X+Y=2^k anti-diagonal A020991 N-1 of last time on X+Y=s anti-diagonal A053644 X of last time on X+Y=s anti-diagonal A053645 Y of last time on X+Y=s anti-diagonal A080079 X-Y of last time on X+Y=s anti-diagonal A093573 N-1 of points on the anti-diagonals d=X+Y, by ascending N-1 value within each diagonal A004277 num visits in column X
A020991 etc have values N-1, ie. the numbering differs by 1 from the N here, since they're based on the A020986 cumulative GRS starting at n=0 for value GRS(0). This matches the turn sequence A106665 starting at n=0 for the first turn, whereas for the path here that's N=1.
A274230 area to N=2^k = double-visited points to N=2^k A027556 2*area to N=2^k A134057 area to N=4^k A060867 area to N=2*4^k A122746 area increment N=2^k to N=2^(k+1) = num segments West N=0 to 2^k-1 A005418 num segments East N=0 to 2^k-1 A051437 num segments North N=0 to 2^k-1 A007179 num segments South N=0 to 2^k-1 A097038 num runs of 8 consecutive segments within N=0 to 2^k-1 each segment enclosing a new unit square A000225 convex hull area * 2, being 2^k-1 A027383 boundary/2 to N=2^k also boundary verticals or horizontals (boundary is half verticals half horizontals) A131128 boundary to N=4^k A028399 boundary to N=2*4^k A052955 single-visited points to N=2^k A052940 single-visited points to N=4^k, being 3*2^n-1 A181666 n XOR other(n) occurring at double-visited points A086341 graph diameter of level N=0 to 2^k (for k>=3) arms=2 A062880 N on X axis, base 4 digits 0,2 only arms=3 A001196 N on X axis, base 4 digits 0,3 only
House of Graphs entries for the alternate paperfolding curve as a graph include
https://hog.grinvin.org/ViewGraphInfo.action?id=19655 etc
19655 level=0 (1-segment path) 32234 level=1 (2-segment path) 286 level=2 (4-segment path) 27008 level=3 27010 level=4 27012 level=5 33778 level=6 33780 level=7 33782 level=8
Math::PlanePath, Math::PlanePath::AlternatePaperMidpoint
Math::PlanePath::DragonCurve, Math::PlanePath::CCurve, Math::PlanePath::HIndexing, Math::PlanePath::ZOrderCurve
Math::NumSeq::GolayRudinShapiro, Math::NumSeq::GolayRudinShapiroCumulative
Michel Mendès France and G. Tenenbaum, "Dimension des Courbes Planes, Papiers Plies et Suites de Rudin-Shapiro", Bulletin de la S.M.F., volume 109, 1981, pages 207-215. http://www.numdam.org/item?id=BSMF_1981__109__207_0
http://user42.tuxfamily.org/math-planepath/index.html
Copyright 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 Kevin Ryde
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