NAME

Minion - Job queue

SYNOPSIS

use Minion;

# Connect to backend
my $minion = Minion->new(Pg => 'postgresql://postgres@/test');

# Add tasks
$minion->add_task(something_slow => sub ($job, @args) {
  sleep 5;
  say 'This is a background worker process.';
});

# Enqueue jobs
$minion->enqueue(something_slow => ['foo', 'bar']);
$minion->enqueue(something_slow => [1, 2, 3] => {priority => 5});

# Perform jobs for testing
$minion->enqueue(something_slow => ['foo', 'bar']);
$minion->perform_jobs;

# Start a worker to perform up to 12 jobs concurrently
my $worker = $minion->worker;
$worker->status->{jobs} = 12;
$worker->run;

DESCRIPTION

Screenshot

Minion is a high performance job queue for the Perl programming language, with support for multiple named queues, priorities, high priority fast lane, delayed jobs, cron style recurring jobs, job dependencies, job progress, job results, retries with backoff, rate limiting, unique jobs, expiring jobs, statistics, distributed workers, parallel processing, autoscaling, remote control, Mojolicious admin ui, resource leak protection and multiple backends (such as PostgreSQL).

Job queues allow you to process time and/or computationally intensive tasks in background processes, outside of the request/response lifecycle of web applications. Among those tasks you'll commonly find image resizing, spam filtering, HTTP downloads, building tarballs, warming caches and basically everything else you can imagine that's not super fast.

Take a look at our excellent documentation in Minion::Guide!

EXAMPLES

This distribution also contains a great example application you can use for inspiration. The link checker will show you how to integrate background jobs into well-structured Mojolicious applications.

EVENTS

Minion inherits all events from Mojo::EventEmitter and can emit the following new ones.

enqueue

$minion->on(enqueue => sub ($minion, $id) {
  ...
});

Emitted after a job has been enqueued, in the process that enqueued it.

$minion->on(enqueue => sub ($minion, $id) {
  say "Job $id has been enqueued.";
});

enqueue_from_schedule

$minion->on(enqueue_from_schedule => sub ($minion, $id, $name) {
  ...
});

Emitted for every job that "dispatch_schedules" has just enqueued, in the process that called it. The $name argument is the schedule name. The "enqueue" event is also emitted for each of these jobs.

$minion->on(enqueue_from_schedule => sub ($minion, $id, $name) {
  say qq{Schedule "$name" enqueued job $id.};
});

worker

$minion->on(worker => sub ($minion, $worker) {
  ...
});

Emitted in the worker process after it has been created.

$minion->on(worker => sub ($minion, $worker) {
  say "Worker $$ started.";
});

ATTRIBUTES

Minion implements the following attributes.

app

my $app = $minion->app;
$minion = $minion->app(MyApp->new);

Application for job queue, defaults to a Mojo::HelloWorld object. Note that this attribute is weakened.

backend

my $backend = $minion->backend;
$minion     = $minion->backend(Minion::Backend::Pg->new);

Backend, usually a Minion::Backend::Pg object.

backoff

my $cb  = $minion->backoff;
$minion = $minion->backoff(sub {...});

A callback used to calculate the delay for automatically retried jobs, defaults to (retries ** 4) + 15 (15, 16, 31, 96, 271, 640...), which means that roughly 25 attempts can be made in 21 days.

$minion->backoff(sub ($retries) {
  return ($retries ** 4) + 15 + int(rand 30);
});

missing_after

my $after = $minion->missing_after;
$minion   = $minion->missing_after(172800);

Amount of time in seconds after which workers without a heartbeat will be considered missing and removed from the registry by "repair", defaults to 1800 (30 minutes).

remove_after

my $after = $minion->remove_after;
$minion   = $minion->remove_after(86400);

Amount of time in seconds after which jobs that have reached the state finished and have no unresolved dependencies will be removed automatically by "repair", defaults to 172800 (2 days). It is not recommended to set this value below 2 days.

stuck_after

my $after = $minion->stuck_after;
$minion   = $minion->stuck_after(86400);

Amount of time in seconds after which jobs that have not been processed will be considered stuck by "repair" and transition to the failed state, defaults to 172800 (2 days).

tasks

my $tasks = $minion->tasks;
$minion   = $minion->tasks({foo => sub {...}});

Registered tasks.

METHODS

Minion inherits all methods from Mojo::EventEmitter and implements the following new ones.

add_task

$minion = $minion->add_task(foo => sub {...});
$minion = $minion->add_task(foo => 'MyApp::Task::Foo');

Register a task, which can be a closure or a custom Minion::Job subclass. Note that support for custom task classes is EXPERIMENTAL and might change without warning!

# Job with result
$minion->add_task(add => sub ($job, $first, $second) {
  $job->finish($first + $second);
});
my $id = $minion->enqueue(add => [1, 1]);
my $result = $minion->job($id)->info->{result};

broadcast

my $bool = $minion->broadcast('some_command');
my $bool = $minion->broadcast('some_command', [@args]);
my $bool = $minion->broadcast('some_command', [@args], [$id1, $id2, $id3]);

Broadcast remote control command to one or more workers.

# Broadcast "stop" command to all workers to kill job 10025
$minion->broadcast('stop', [10025]);

# Broadcast "kill" command to all workers to interrupt job 10026
$minion->broadcast('kill', ['INT', 10026]);

# Broadcast "jobs" command to pause worker 23
$minion->broadcast('jobs', [0], [23]);

# Broadcast "spare" command to disable the feature on all workers
$minion->broadcast('spare', [0]);

class_for_task

my $class = $minion->class_for_task('foo');

Return job class for task. Note that this method is EXPERIMENTAL and might change without warning!

dispatch_schedules

my $dispatched = $minion->dispatch_schedules;

Enqueue jobs for all schedules whose firing time has been reached, advance their firing times to the next match, and return information about each dispatch as an array reference. Coordinates across multiple workers via a Postgres advisory lock so a single tick never enqueues a schedule twice. Workers tick this automatically, see Minion::Worker.

# Manually fire any due schedules
for my $info (@{$minion->dispatch_schedules}) {
  say qq{Schedule "$info->{name}" enqueued job $info->{job}.};
}

enqueue

my $id = $minion->enqueue('foo');
my $id = $minion->enqueue(foo => [@args]);
my $id = $minion->enqueue(foo => [@args] => {priority => 1});

Enqueue a new job with inactive state. Arguments get serialized by the "backend" (often with Mojo::JSON), so you shouldn't send objects and be careful with binary data, nested data structures with hash and array references are fine though.

These options are currently available:

attempts

attempts => 25

Number of times performing this job will be attempted, with a delay based on "backoff" after the first attempt, defaults to 1.

delay

delay => 10

Delay job for this many seconds (from now), defaults to 0.

expire

expire => 300

Job is valid for this many seconds (from now) before it expires.

lax

lax => 1

Existing jobs this job depends on may also have transitioned to the failed state to allow for it to be processed, defaults to false.

notes

notes => {foo => 'bar', baz => [1, 2, 3]}

Hash reference with arbitrary metadata for this job that gets serialized by the "backend" (often with Mojo::JSON), so you shouldn't send objects and be careful with binary data, nested data structures with hash and array references are fine though.

parents

parents => [$id1, $id2, $id3]

One or more existing jobs this job depends on, and that need to have transitioned to the state finished before it can be processed.

priority

priority => 5

Job priority, defaults to 0. Jobs with a higher priority get performed first. Priorities can be positive or negative, but should be in the range between 100 and -100.

queue

queue => 'important'

Queue to put job in, defaults to default.

foreground

my $bool = $minion->foreground($id);

Retry job in minion_foreground queue, then perform it right away with a temporary worker in this process, very useful for debugging.

guard

my $guard = $minion->guard('foo', 3600);
my $guard = $minion->guard('foo', 3600, {limit => 20});

Same as "lock", but returns a scope guard object that automatically releases the lock as soon as the object is destroyed, or undef if aquiring the lock failed.

# Only one job should run at a time (unique job)
$minion->add_task(do_unique_stuff => sub ($job, @args) {
  return $job->finish('Previous job is still active')
    unless my $guard = $minion->guard('fragile_backend_service', 7200);
  ...
});

# Only five jobs should run at a time and we try again later if necessary
$minion->add_task(do_concurrent_stuff => sub ($job, @args) {
  return $job->retry({delay => 30})
    unless my $guard = $minion->guard('some_web_service', 60, {limit => 5});
  ...
});

history

my $history = $minion->history;

Get history information for job queue.

These fields are currently available:

daily

daily => [{epoch => 12345, finished_jobs => 95, failed_jobs => 2}, ...]

Hourly counts for processed jobs from the past day.

is_locked

my $bool = $minion->is_locked('foo');

Check if a lock with that name is currently active.

job

my $job = $minion->job($id);

Get Minion::Job object without making any changes to the actual job or return undef if job does not exist.

# Check job state
my $state = $minion->job($id)->info->{state};

# Get job metadata
my $progress = $minion->job($id)->info->{notes}{progress};

# Get job result
my $result = $minion->job($id)->info->{result};

jobs

my $jobs = $minion->jobs;
my $jobs = $minion->jobs({states => ['inactive']});

Return Minion::Iterator object to safely iterate through job information.

# Iterate through jobs for two tasks
my $jobs = $minion->jobs({tasks => ['foo', 'bar']});
while (my $info = $jobs->next) {
  say "$info->{id}: $info->{state}";
}

# Remove all failed jobs from a named queue
my $jobs = $minion->jobs({states => ['failed'], queues => ['unimportant']});
while (my $info = $jobs->next) {
  $minion->job($info->{id})->remove;
}

# Count failed jobs for a task
say $minion->jobs({states => ['failed'], tasks => ['foo']})->total;

These options are currently available:

ids

ids => ['23', '24']

List only jobs with these ids.

notes

notes => ['foo', 'bar']

List only jobs with one of these notes.

queues

queues => ['important', 'unimportant']

List only jobs in these queues.

states

states => ['inactive', 'active']

List only jobs in these states.

tasks

tasks => ['foo', 'bar']

List only jobs for these tasks.

These fields are currently available:

args

args => ['foo', 'bar']

Job arguments.

attempts

attempts => 25

Number of times performing this job will be attempted.

children

children => ['10026', '10027', '10028']

Jobs depending on this job.

created

created => 784111777

Epoch time job was created.

delayed

delayed => 784111777

Epoch time job was delayed to.

expires

expires => 784111777

Epoch time job is valid until before it expires.

finished

finished => 784111777

Epoch time job was finished.

id

id => 10025

Job id.

lax

lax => 0

Existing jobs this job depends on may also have failed to allow for it to be processed.

notes

notes => {foo => 'bar', baz => [1, 2, 3]}

Hash reference with arbitrary metadata for this job.

parents

parents => ['10023', '10024', '10025']

Jobs this job depends on.

priority

priority => 3

Job priority.

queue

queue => 'important'

Queue name.

result

result => 'All went well!'

Job result.

retried

retried => 784111777

Epoch time job has been retried.

retries

retries => 3

Number of times job has been retried.

started

started => 784111777

Epoch time job was started.

state

state => 'inactive'

Current job state, usually active, failed, finished or inactive.

task

task => 'foo'

Task name.

time

time => 78411177

Server time.

worker

worker => '154'

Id of worker that is processing the job.

list_schedules

my $results = $minion->list_schedules(0, 10);
my $results = $minion->list_schedules(0, 10, {names => ['daily']});

Return information about schedules in batches.

# Get the total number of schedules
my $num = $minion->list_schedules(0, 100)->{total};

# Inspect the next firing time of a schedule by name
my $next = $minion->list_schedules(0, 1, {names => ['daily']})->{schedules}[0]{next_run};

These options are currently available:

before

before => 23

List only schedules before this id.

ids

ids => ['23', '24']

List only schedules with these ids.

names

names => ['foo', 'bar']

List only schedules with these names.

These fields are currently available:

args

args => ['foo', 'bar']

Job arguments.

attempts

attempts => 25

Number of attempts each enqueued job will get.

created

created => 784111777

Epoch time the schedule was created.

cron

cron => '0 9 * * 1-5'

Cron expression.

expire

expire => 300

Expiration in seconds for each enqueued job.

id

id => 23

Schedule id.

last_job

last_job => '10025'

Id of the most recently enqueued job, or undef if the schedule has not fired yet.

last_run

last_run => 784111777

Epoch time the schedule last fired, or undef if it has not fired yet.

lax

lax => 0

Lax dependency setting for each enqueued job.

name

name => 'daily'

Schedule name.

next_run

next_run => 784111777

Epoch time the schedule will fire next.

notes

notes => {foo => 'bar'}

Hash reference with arbitrary metadata applied to each enqueued job.

paused

paused => 0

True if the schedule is paused and will not fire.

priority

priority => 0

Priority of each enqueued job.

queue

queue => 'default'

Queue each enqueued job is placed in.

task

task => 'foo'

Task name.

lock

my $bool = $minion->lock('foo', 3600);
my $bool = $minion->lock('foo', 3600, {limit => 20});

Try to acquire a named lock that will expire automatically after the given amount of time in seconds. You can release the lock manually with "unlock" to limit concurrency, or let it expire for rate limiting. For convenience you can also use "guard" to release the lock automatically, even if the job failed.

# Only one job should run at a time (unique job)
$minion->add_task(do_unique_stuff => sub ($job, @args) {
  return $job->finish('Previous job is still active')
    unless $minion->lock('fragile_backend_service', 7200);
  ...
  $minion->unlock('fragile_backend_service');
});

# Only five jobs should run at a time and we wait for our turn
$minion->add_task(do_concurrent_stuff => sub ($job, @args) {
  sleep 1 until $minion->lock('some_web_service', 60, {limit => 5});
  ...
  $minion->unlock('some_web_service');
});

# Only a hundred jobs should run per hour and we try again later if necessary
$minion->add_task(do_rate_limited_stuff => sub ($job, @args) {
  return $job->retry({delay => 3600})
    unless $minion->lock('another_web_service', 3600, {limit => 100});
  ...
});

An expiration time of 0 can be used to check if a named lock could have been acquired without creating one.

# Check if the lock "foo" could have been acquired
say 'Lock could have been acquired' unless $minion->lock('foo', 0);

Or to simply check if a named lock already exists you can also use "is_locked".

These options are currently available:

limit

limit => 20

Number of shared locks with the same name that can be active at the same time, defaults to 1.

new

my $minion = Minion->new(Pg => 'postgresql://postgres@/test');
my $minion = Minion->new(Pg => Mojo::Pg->new);

Construct a new Minion object.

pause_schedule

my $bool = $minion->pause_schedule('daily');

Pause a schedule by name so it stops firing until resumed. Returns true on success, false if the schedule does not exist.

perform_jobs

$minion->perform_jobs;
$minion->perform_jobs({queues => ['important']});

Perform all jobs with a temporary worker, very useful for testing.

# Longer version
my $worker = $minion->worker;
while (my $job = $worker->register->dequeue(0)) { $job->perform }
$worker->unregister;

These options are currently available:

id

id => '10023'

Dequeue a specific job.

min_priority

min_priority => 3

Do not dequeue jobs with a lower priority.

queues

queues => ['important']

One or more queues to dequeue jobs from, defaults to default.

perform_jobs_in_foreground

$minion->perform_jobs_in_foreground;
$minion->perform_jobs_in_foreground({queues => ['important']});

Same as "perform_jobs", but all jobs are performed in the current process, without spawning new processes.

repair

$minion = $minion->repair;

Repair worker registry and job queue if necessary.

reset

$minion = $minion->reset({all => 1});

Reset job queue.

These options are currently available:

all

all => 1

Reset everything.

locks

locks => 1

Reset only locks.

result_p

my $promise = $minion->result_p($id);
my $promise = $minion->result_p($id, {interval => 5});

Return a Mojo::Promise object for the result of a job. The state finished will result in the promise being fullfilled, and the state failed in the promise being rejected. This operation can be cancelled by resolving the promise manually at any time.

# Enqueue job and receive the result at some point in the future
my $id = $minion->enqueue('foo');
$minion->result_p($id)->then(sub ($info) {
  my $result = ref $info ? $info->{result} : 'Job already removed';
  say "Finished: $result";
})->catch(sub ($info) {
  say "Failed: $info->{result}";
})->wait;

These options are currently available:

interval

interval => 5

Polling interval in seconds for checking if the state of the job has changed, defaults to 3.

resume_schedule

my $bool = $minion->resume_schedule('daily');

Resume a previously paused schedule. Returns true on success, false if the schedule does not exist.

schedule

my $id = $minion->schedule('daily', '0 4 * * *', 'cleanup');
my $id = $minion->schedule('daily', '0 4 * * *', 'cleanup', [@args]);
my $id = $minion->schedule(
  'daily', '0 4 * * *', 'cleanup', [@args], {priority => 5});

Create or update a schedule by unique name. The cron expression is parsed up front, so invalid expressions raise an exception immediately. The expression uses the standard five field form (minute, hour, day-of-month, month, day-of-week), with *, */N, a-b, a-b/N and comma separated lists, the names JAN-DEC and SUN-SAT, and the nicknames @yearly, @monthly, @weekly, @daily, @midnight and @hourly. All times are interpreted in UTC, not local time. Updating a schedule with the same cron expression preserves its current firing time; changing the expression recomputes it.

# A daily job
$minion->schedule(daily => '0 4 * * *' => 'cleanup');

# Every 5 minutes with arguments and options
$minion->schedule(
  every_5min => '*/5 * * * *' => 'foo' => [1, 2, 3] => {priority => 5, queue => 'important'});

# Weekdays at 9 with retries
$minion->schedule(weekday_report => '0 9 * * 1-5' => 'report' => [] => {attempts => 3});

These options are currently available:

attempts

attempts => 25

Number of times performing each enqueued job will be attempted, defaults to 1.

expire

expire => 300

Each enqueued job is valid for this many seconds before it expires.

lax

lax => 1

Existing jobs each enqueued job depends on may also have transitioned to the failed state, defaults to false.

notes

notes => {foo => 'bar'}

Hash reference with arbitrary metadata applied to each enqueued job.

priority

priority => 5

Priority of each enqueued job, defaults to 0.

queue

queue => 'important'

Queue to put each enqueued job in, defaults to default.

stats

my $stats = $minion->stats;

Get statistics for the job queue.

# Check idle workers
my $idle = $minion->stats->{inactive_workers};

These fields are currently available:

active_jobs

active_jobs => 100

Number of jobs in active state.

active_locks

active_locks => 100

Number of active named locks.

active_workers

active_workers => 100

Number of workers that are currently processing a job.

delayed_jobs

delayed_jobs => 100

Number of jobs in inactive state that are scheduled to run at specific time in the future or have unresolved dependencies.

enqueued_jobs

enqueued_jobs => 100000

Rough estimate of how many jobs have ever been enqueued.

failed_jobs

failed_jobs => 100

Number of jobs in failed state.

finished_jobs

finished_jobs => 100

Number of jobs in finished state.

inactive_jobs

inactive_jobs => 100

Number of jobs in inactive state.

inactive_schedules

inactive_schedules => 100

Number of schedules that are currently paused.

inactive_workers

inactive_workers => 100

Number of workers that are currently not processing a job.

schedules

schedules => 100

Number of schedules that are currently active.

uptime

uptime => 1000

Uptime in seconds.

workers

workers => 200;

Number of registered workers.

unlock

my $bool = $minion->unlock('foo');

Release a named lock that has been previously acquired with "lock".

unschedule

my $bool = $minion->unschedule('daily');

Remove a schedule by name. Returns true on success, false if the schedule does not exist.

worker

my $worker = $minion->worker;

Build Minion::Worker object. Note that this method should only be used to implement custom workers.

# Use the standard worker with all its features
my $worker = $minion->worker;
$worker->status->{jobs} = 12;
$worker->status->{queues} = ['important'];
$worker->run;

# Perform one job manually in a separate process
my $worker = $minion->repair->worker->register;
my $job    = $worker->dequeue(5);
$job->perform;
$worker->unregister;

# Perform one job manually in this process
my $worker = $minion->repair->worker->register;
my $job    = $worker->dequeue(5);
if (my $err = $job->execute) { $job->fail($err) }
else                         { $job->finish }
$worker->unregister;

# Build a custom worker performing multiple jobs at the same time
my %jobs;
my $worker = $minion->repair->worker->register;
do {
  for my $id (keys %jobs) {
    delete $jobs{$id} if $jobs{$id}->is_finished;
  }
  if (keys %jobs >= 4) { sleep 5 }
  else {
    my $job = $worker->dequeue(5);
    $jobs{$job->id} = $job->start if $job;
  }
} while keys %jobs;
$worker->unregister;

workers

my $workers = $minion->workers;
my $workers = $minion->workers({ids => [2, 3]});

Return Minion::Iterator object to safely iterate through worker information.

# Iterate through workers
my $workers = $minion->workers;
while (my $info = $workers->next) {
  say "$info->{id}: $info->{host}";
}

These options are currently available:

ids

ids => ['23', '24']

List only workers with these ids.

These fields are currently available:

id

id => 22

Worker id.

host

host => 'localhost'

Worker host.

jobs

jobs => ['10023', '10024', '10025', '10029']

Ids of jobs the worker is currently processing.

notified

notified => 784111777

Epoch time worker sent the last heartbeat.

pid

pid => 12345

Process id of worker.

started

started => 784111777

Epoch time worker was started.

status

status => {queues => ['default', 'important']}

Hash reference with whatever status information the worker would like to share.

API

This is the class hierarchy of the Minion distribution.

BUNDLED FILES

The Minion distribution includes a few files with different licenses that have been bundled for internal use.

Minion Artwork

Copyright (C) 2017, Sebastian Riedel.

Licensed under the CC-SA License, Version 4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0.

Bootstrap

Copyright (C) 2011-2021 The Bootstrap Authors.

Licensed under the MIT License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT.

jQuery

Copyright (C) jQuery Foundation.

Licensed under the MIT License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT.

D3.js

Copyright (C) 2010-2016, Michael Bostock.

Licensed under the 3-Clause BSD License, https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause.

epoch.js

Copyright (C) 2014 Fastly, Inc.

Licensed under the MIT License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT.

Font Awesome

Copyright (C) Dave Gandy.

Licensed under the MIT License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT, and the SIL OFL 1.1, http://scripts.sil.org/OFL.

moment.js

Copyright (C) JS Foundation and other contributors.

Licensed under the MIT License, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT.

AUTHORS

Project Founder

Sebastian Riedel, sri@cpan.org.

Contributors

In alphabetical order:

Andrey Khozov

Andrii Nikitin

Brian Medley

Franz Skale

Henrik Andersen

Hubert "depesz" Lubaczewski

Joel Berger

Paul Williams

Russell Shingleton

Stefan Adams

Stuart Skelton

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

This program is free software, you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the Artistic License version 2.0.

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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

EXAMPLES

EVENTS

enqueue

enqueue_from_schedule

worker

ATTRIBUTES

app

backend

backoff

missing_after

remove_after

stuck_after

tasks

METHODS

add_task

broadcast

class_for_task

dispatch_schedules

enqueue

foreground

guard

history

is_locked

job

jobs

list_schedules

lock

new

pause_schedule

perform_jobs

perform_jobs_in_foreground

repair

reset

result_p

resume_schedule

schedule

stats

unlock

unschedule

worker

workers

API

BUNDLED FILES

Minion Artwork

Bootstrap

jQuery

D3.js

epoch.js

Font Awesome

moment.js

AUTHORS

Project Founder

Contributors

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

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