• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
  • Constructor, Object Initialization, etc.
    • Linux::Smaps->new
    • Linux::Smaps->new($pid)
    • Linux::Smaps->new(pid=>$pid, procdir=>'/proc')
    • Linux::Smaps->new(filename=>'/proc/self/smaps')
    • Linux::Smaps->new(uninitialized=>1)
    • $self->pid($pid) or $self->pid=$pid
    • $self->procdir($dir) or $self->procdir=$dir
    • $self->filename($name) or $self->filename=$name
    • $self->update
    • $self->clear_refs
    • $self->lasterror
  • Information Retrieval
    • $self->vmas
    • $self->size
    • $self->rss
    • $self->shared_clean
    • $self->shared_dirty
    • $self->private_clean
    • $self->private_dirty
    • $self->stack
    • $self->heap
    • $self->vdso
    • $self->vsyscall
    • $self->vvar
    • $self->all
    • $self->named
    • $self->unnamed
    • $self->names
    • ($new, $diff, $old)=$self->diff( $other )
  • Linux::Smaps::VMA objects
    • $self->vma_start
    • $self->vma_end
    • $self->r
    • $self->w
    • $self->x
    • $self->mayshare
    • $self->file_off
    • $self->dev_major
    • $self->dev_minor
    • $self->inode
    • $self->file_name
    • $self->size
    • $self->rss
    • $self->shared_clean
    • $self->shared_dirty
    • $self->private_clean
    • $self->private_dirty
  • Notes
• Example: The copy-on-write effect
• A special note on copy on write measurements
• EXPORT
• SEE ALSO
• AUTHOR
• COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

NAME

Linux::Smaps - a Perl interface to /proc/PID/smaps

SYNOPSIS

  use Linux::Smaps;
  my $map=Linux::Smaps->new($pid);
  my @vmas=$map->vmas;
  my $private_dirty=$map->private_dirty;
  ...

DESCRIPTION

The /proc/PID/smaps files in modern linuxes provides very detailed information about a processes memory consumption. It particularly includes a way to estimate the effect of copy-on-write. This module implements a Perl interface.

The content of the smaps file is a set of blocks like this:

 0060a000-0060b000 r--p 0000a000 fd:01 531212       /bin/cat
 Size:                  4 kB
 Rss:                   4 kB
 Pss:                   4 kB
 Shared_Clean:          0 kB
 Shared_Dirty:          0 kB
 Private_Clean:         0 kB
 Private_Dirty:         4 kB
 Referenced:            4 kB
 Swap:                  0 kB
 KernelPageSize:        4 kB
 MMUPageSize:           4 kB

Each one describes a virtual memory area of a certain process. All those areas together describe its complete address space. For the meaning of the items refer to your Linux documentation.

The set of information announced by the kernel depends on its version. Early versions (around Linux 2.6.14) lacked for example Pss, Referenced, Swap, KernelPageSize and MMUPageSize. Linux::Smaps provides an interface to all of the components. It creates accessor methods dynamically depending on what the kernel reveals. The Shared_Clean entry for example mutates to the Linux::Smaps::VMA->shared_clean accessor. Method names are built by simply lowercasing them. The actual set of methods is created when the first smaps file is parsed. Subsequent update or Linux::Smaps->new operations expect exactly the same file format. That means you cannot parse smaps files from different kernel versions by the same perl interpreter.

Constructor, Object Initialization, etc.

Linux::Smaps->new

Linux::Smaps->new($pid)

Linux::Smaps->new(pid=>$pid, procdir=>'/proc')

Linux::Smaps->new(filename=>'/proc/self/smaps')

creates and initializes a Linux::Smaps object. On error an exception is thrown. new() may fail if the smaps file is not readable or if the file format is wrong.

new() without parameter is equivalent to new('self') or new(pid=>'self'). With the procdir parameter the mount point of the proc filesystem can be set if it differs from the standard /proc.

The filename parameter sets the name of the smaps file directly. This way also files outside the standard /proc tree can be analyzed.

Linux::Smaps->new(uninitialized=>1)

returns an uninitialized object. This makes new() simply skip the update() call after setting all parameters. Additional parameters like pid, procdir or filename can be passed.

$self->pid($pid) or $self->pid=$pid

$self->procdir($dir) or $self->procdir=$dir

$self->filename($name) or $self->filename=$name

get/set parameters.

If a filename is set update() reads that file. Otherwize a file name is constructed from $self->procdir, $self->pid and the name smaps. The constructed file name is not saved in the Linux::Smaps object to allow loops like this:

 foreach (@pids) {
     $smaps->pid=$_;
     $smaps->update;
     process $smaps;
 }

$self->update

reinitializes the object; rereads the underlying file. Returns the object or undef on error. The actual reason can be obtained via lasterror().

$self->clear_refs

writes to the corresponding /proc/PID/clear_refs file. Thus, the amount of memory reported as Referenced by the process is reset to 0 for all VMAs.

Returns the object or undef on failure.

Example:

 # how much memory is referenced while updating the Linux::Smaps object?
 perl -MLinux::Smaps -le '
   my $s=Linux::Smaps->new;
   print $s->referenced;
   print $s->clear_refs->update->referenced
 '
 2556
 840

 # how much memory is used while the shell is inactive?
 perl -MLinux::Smaps -le '
   my $s=Linux::Smaps->new(shift);
   print $s->referenced;
   print $s->clear_refs->update->referenced
 ' $$
 1468
 0

$self->lasterror

update() and new() return undef on failure. lasterror() returns a more verbose reason. Also $! can be checked.

Information Retrieval

$self->vmas

returns a list of Linux::Smaps::VMA objects each describing a vm area, see below.

$self->size

$self->rss

$self->shared_clean

$self->shared_dirty

$self->private_clean

$self->private_dirty

these methods compute the sums of the corresponding values of all vmas.

size, rss, shared_clean, shared_dirty, private_clean and private_dirty methods are unknown until the first call to Linux::Smaps::update(). They are created on the fly. This is to make the module extendable as new features are added to the smaps file by the kernel. As long as the corresponding smaps file lines match ^(\w+):\s*(\d+) kB$ new accessor methods are created.

At the time of this writing at least one new field (referenced) is on the way but all my kernels still lack it.

$self->stack

$self->heap

$self->vdso

$self->vsyscall

$self->vvar

these are shortcuts to the corresponding Linux::Smaps::VMA objects.

$self->all

$self->named

$self->unnamed

In array context these functions return a list of Linux::Smaps::VMA objects representing named or unnamed VMAs or simply all VMAs. Thus, in array context all() is equivalent to vmas().

In scalar context these functions create a fake Linux::Smaps::VMA object containing the summaries of the size, rss, shared_clean, shared_dirty, private_clean and private_dirty fields.

$self->names

returns a list of vma names, i.e. the files that are mapped.

($new, $diff, $old)=$self->diff( $other )

$other is assumed to be also a Linux::Smaps instance. 3 arrays are returned. The first one ($new) is a list of vmas that are contained in $self but not in $other. The second one ($diff) contains a list of pairs (2-element arrays) of vmas that differ between $self and $other. The 3rd one ($old) is a list of vmas that are contained in $other but not in $self.

Vmas are identified as corresponding if their vma_start fields match. They are considered different if they differ in one of the following fields: vma_end, r, w, x, mayshare, file_off, dev_major, dev_minor, inode, file_name, shared_clean, shared_diry, private_clean and private_dirty.

Linux::Smaps::VMA objects

normally these objects represent a single vm area:

$self->vma_start

$self->vma_end

start and end address

$self->r

$self->w

$self->x

$self->mayshare

these correspond to the VM_READ, VM_WRITE, VM_EXEC and VM_MAYSHARE flags. see Linux kernel for more information.

$self->file_off

$self->dev_major

$self->dev_minor

$self->inode

$self->file_name

describe the file area that is mapped.

$self->size

the same as vma_end - vma_start but in kB.

$self->rss

what part is resident.

$self->shared_clean

$self->shared_dirty

$self->private_clean

$self->private_dirty

shared means page_count(page)>=2 (see Linux kernel), i.e. the page is shared between several processes. private pages belong only to one process.

dirty pages are written to in RAM but not to the corresponding file.

Notes

size, rss, shared_clean, shared_dirty, private_clean and private_dirty methods are unknown until the first call to Linux::Smaps::update. They are created on the fly. This is to make the module extendable as new features are added to the smaps file by the kernel. As long as the corresponding smaps file lines match ^(\w+):\s*(\d+) kB$ new accessor methods are created.

See also "EXPORT" below.

Example: The copy-on-write effect

 use strict;
 use Linux::Smaps;

 my $x="a"x(1024*1024);         # a long string of "a"
 if( fork ) {
   my $s=Linux::Smaps->new($$);
   my $before=$s->all;
   $x=~tr/a/b/;                 # change "a" to "b" in place
   #$x="b"x(1024*1024);         # assignment
   $s->update;
   my $after=$s->all;
   foreach my $n (qw{rss size shared_clean shared_dirty
                     private_clean private_dirty}) {
     print "$n: ",$before->$n," => ",$after->$n,": ",
            $after->$n-$before->$n,"\n";
   }
   wait;
 } else {
   sleep 1;
 }

This script may give the following output:

 rss: 4160 => 4252: 92
 size: 6916 => 7048: 132
 shared_clean: 1580 => 1596: 16
 shared_dirty: 2412 => 1312: -1100
 private_clean: 0 => 0: 0
 private_dirty: 168 => 1344: 1176

$x is changed in place. Hence, the overall process size (size and rss) would not grow much. But before the tr operation $x was shared by copy-on-write between the 2 processes. Hence, we see a loss of shared_dirty (only a little more than our 1024 kB string) and almost the same growth of private_dirty.

Exchanging the tr-operation to an assingment of a MB of "b" yields the following figures:

 rss: 4160 => 5276: 1116
 size: 6916 => 8076: 1160
 shared_clean: 1580 => 1592: 12
 shared_dirty: 2432 => 1304: -1128
 private_clean: 0 => 0: 0
 private_dirty: 148 => 2380: 2232

Now we see the overall process size grows a little more than a MB. shared_dirty drops almost a MB and private_dirty adds almost 2 MB. That means perl first constructs a 1 MB string of b. This adds 1 MB to size, rss and private_dirty and then copies it to $x. This takes another MB from shared_dirty and adds it to private_dirty.

A special note on copy on write measurements

The proc filesystem reports a page as shared if it belongs multiple processes and as private if it belongs to only one process. But there is an exception. If a page is currently paged out (that means it is not in core) all its attributes including the reference count are paged out as well. So the reference count cannot be read without paging in the page. In this case a page is neither reported as private nor as shared. It is only included in the process size.

Thus, to exaclty measure which pages are shared among N processes at least one of them must be completely in core. This way all pages that can possibly be shared are in core and their reference counts are accessible.

The mlockall(2) syscall may help in this situation. It locks all pages of a process to main memory:

 require 'syscall.ph';
 require 'sys/mmap.ph';

 0==syscall &SYS_mlockall, &MCL_CURRENT | &MCL_FUTURE or
     die "ERROR: mlockall failed: $!\n";

This snippet in one of the processes locks it to the main memory. If all processes are created from the same parent it is executed best just before the parent starts to fork off children. The memory lock is not inherited by the children. So all private pages of the children are swappable.

EXPORT

The module's import() method is implemented as follows:

 my $once;
 sub import {
   my $class=shift;
   unless( $once ) {
     $once=1;
     eval {$class->new(@_)};
   }
 }

Thus, the first

 use Linux::Smaps;

initializes all methods according to your current kernel.

To avoid that use

 use Linux::Smaps ();

If your proc filesystem is mounted elsewhere or if you want to initialize the methods according to a certain file you can achieve this by

 use Linux::Smaps (procdir=>'/procfs');

or

 use Linux::Smaps (filename=>'/path');

SEE ALSO

Linux Kernel.

AUTHOR

Torsten Foertsch, <torsten.foertsch@gmx.net>

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE

Copyright (C) 2005-2011 by Torsten Foertsch

This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself, either Perl version 5.8.5 or, at your option, any later version of Perl 5 you may have available.