—

              
package diagnostics;
HideShow 181 lines of Pod
=head1 NAME
diagnostics, splain - produce verbose warning diagnostics
=head1 SYNOPSIS
Using the C<diagnostics> pragma:
    use diagnostics;
    use diagnostics -verbose;
    diagnostics->enable;
    diagnostics->disable;
Using the C<splain> standalone filter program:
    perl program 2>diag.out
    splain [-v] [-p] diag.out
Using diagnostics to get stack traces from a misbehaving script:
    perl -Mdiagnostics=-traceonly my_script.pl
=head1 DESCRIPTION
=head2 The C<diagnostics> Pragma
This module extends the terse diagnostics normally emitted by both the
perl compiler and the perl interpreter (from running perl with a -w 
switch or C<use warnings>), augmenting them with the more
explicative and endearing descriptions found in L<perldiag>.  Like the
other pragmata, it affects the compilation phase of your program rather
than merely the execution phase.
To use in your program as a pragma, merely invoke
    use diagnostics;
at the start (or near the start) of your program.  (Note 
that this I<does> enable perl's B<-w> flag.)  Your whole
compilation will then be subject(ed :-) to the enhanced diagnostics.
These still go out B<STDERR>.
Due to the interaction between runtime and compiletime issues,
and because it's probably not a very good idea anyway,
you may not use C<no diagnostics> to turn them off at compiletime.
However, you may control their behaviour at runtime using the 
C<disable()> and C<enable()> methods to turn them off and on respectively.
The B<-verbose> flag first prints out the L<perldiag> introduction before
any other diagnostics.  The $diagnostics::PRETTY variable can generate nicer
escape sequences for pagers.
Warnings dispatched from perl itself (or more accurately, those that match
descriptions found in L<perldiag>) are only displayed once (no duplicate
descriptions).  User code generated warnings a la warn() are unaffected,
allowing duplicate user messages to be displayed.
This module also adds a stack trace to the error message when perl dies.
This is useful for pinpointing what
caused the death.  The B<-traceonly> (or
just B<-t>) flag turns off the explanations of warning messages leaving just
the stack traces.  So if your script is dieing, run it again with
  perl -Mdiagnostics=-traceonly my_bad_script
to see the call stack at the time of death.  By supplying the B<-warntrace>
(or just B<-w>) flag, any warnings emitted will also come with a stack
trace.
=head2 The I<splain> Program
Another program, I<splain> is actually nothing
more than a link to the (executable) F<diagnostics.pm> module, as well as
a link to the F<diagnostics.pod> documentation.  The B<-v> flag is like
the C<use diagnostics -verbose> directive.
The B<-p> flag is like the
$diagnostics::PRETTY variable.  Since you're post-processing with 
I<splain>, there's no sense in being able to enable() or disable() processing.
Output from I<splain> is directed to B<STDOUT>, unlike the pragma.
=head1 EXAMPLES
The following file is certain to trigger a few errors at both
runtime and compiletime:
    use diagnostics;
    print NOWHERE "nothing\n";
    print STDERR "\n\tThis message should be unadorned.\n";
    warn "\tThis is a user warning";
    print "\nDIAGNOSTIC TESTER: Please enter a <CR> here: ";
    my $a, $b = scalar <STDIN>;
    print "\n";
    print $x/$y;
If you prefer to run your program first and look at its problem
afterwards, do this:
    perl -w test.pl 2>test.out
    ./splain < test.out
Note that this is not in general possible in shells of more dubious heritage, 
as the theoretical 
    (perl -w test.pl >/dev/tty) >& test.out
    ./splain < test.out
Because you just moved the existing B<stdout> to somewhere else.
If you don't want to modify your source code, but still have on-the-fly
warnings, do this:
    exec 3>&1; perl -w test.pl 2>&1 1>&3 3>&- | splain 1>&2 3>&- 
Nifty, eh?
If you want to control warnings on the fly, do something like this.
Make sure you do the C<use> first, or you won't be able to get
at the enable() or disable() methods.
    use diagnostics; # checks entire compilation phase 
        print "\ntime for 1st bogus diags: SQUAWKINGS\n";
        print BOGUS1 'nada';
        print "done with 1st bogus\n";
    diagnostics->disable; # only turns off runtime warnings
        print "\ntime for 2nd bogus: (squelched)\n";
        print BOGUS2 'nada';
        print "done with 2nd bogus\n";
    diagnostics->enable; # turns back on runtime warnings
        print "\ntime for 3rd bogus: SQUAWKINGS\n";
        print BOGUS3 'nada';
        print "done with 3rd bogus\n";
    diagnostics->disable;
        print "\ntime for 4th bogus: (squelched)\n";
        print BOGUS4 'nada';
        print "done with 4th bogus\n";
=head1 INTERNALS
Diagnostic messages derive from the F<perldiag.pod> file when available at
runtime.  Otherwise, they may be embedded in the file itself when the
splain package is built.   See the F<Makefile> for details.
If an extant $SIG{__WARN__} handler is discovered, it will continue
to be honored, but only after the diagnostics::splainthis() function 
(the module's $SIG{__WARN__} interceptor) has had its way with your
warnings.
There is a $diagnostics::DEBUG variable you may set if you're desperately
curious what sorts of things are being intercepted.
    BEGIN { $diagnostics::DEBUG = 1 } 
=head1 BUGS
Not being able to say "no diagnostics" is annoying, but may not be
insurmountable.
The C<-pretty> directive is called too late to affect matters.
You have to do this instead, and I<before> you load the module.
    BEGIN { $diagnostics::PRETTY = 1 } 
I could start up faster by delaying compilation until it should be
needed, but this gets a "panic: top_level" when using the pragma form
in Perl 5.001e.
While it's true that this documentation is somewhat subserious, if you use
a program named I<splain>, you should expect a bit of whimsy.
=head1 AUTHOR
Tom Christiansen <F<tchrist@mox.perl.com>>, 25 June 1995.
=cut
use strict;
use 5.009001;
use Carp;
$Carp::Internal{__PACKAGE__.""}++;
our $VERSION = '1.40';
our $DEBUG;
our $VERBOSE;
our $PRETTY;
our $TRACEONLY = 0;
our $WARNTRACE = 0;
use Config;
use Text::Tabs 'expand';
my $privlib = $Config{privlibexp};
if ($^O eq 'VMS') {
    require VMS::Filespec;
    $privlib = VMS::Filespec::unixify($privlib);
}
my @trypod = (
           "$privlib/pod/perldiag.pod",
           "$privlib/pods/perldiag.pod",
          );
# handy for development testing of new warnings etc
unshift @trypod, "./pod/perldiag.pod" if -e "pod/perldiag.pod";
(my $PODFILE) = ((grep { -e } @trypod), $trypod[$#trypod])[0];
$DEBUG ||= 0;
local $| = 1;
local $_;
local $.;
my $standalone;
my(%HTML_2_Troff, %HTML_2_Latin_1, %HTML_2_ASCII_7);
CONFIG: {
    our $opt_p = our $opt_d = our $opt_v = our $opt_f = '';
    unless (caller) {
        $standalone++;
        require Getopt::Std;
        Getopt::Std::getopts('pdvf:')
            or die "Usage: $0 [-v] [-p] [-f splainpod]";
        $PODFILE = $opt_f if $opt_f;
        $DEBUG = 2 if $opt_d;
        $VERBOSE = $opt_v;
        $PRETTY = $opt_p;
    }
    if (open(POD_DIAG, '<', $PODFILE)) {
        warn "Happy happy podfile from real $PODFILE\n" if $DEBUG;
        last CONFIG;
    } 
    if (caller) {
        INCPATH: {
            for my $file ( (map { "$_/".__PACKAGE__.".pm" } @INC), $0) {
                warn "Checking $file\n" if $DEBUG;
                if (open(POD_DIAG, '<', $file)) {
                    while (<POD_DIAG>) {
                        next unless
                            /^__END__\s*# wish diag dbase were more accessible/;
                        print STDERR "podfile is $file\n" if $DEBUG;
                        last INCPATH;
                    }
                }
            } 
        }
    } else { 
        print STDERR "podfile is <DATA>\n" if $DEBUG;
        *POD_DIAG = *main::DATA;
    }
}
if (eof(POD_DIAG)) { 
    die "couldn't find diagnostic data in $PODFILE @INC $0";
}
%HTML_2_Troff = (
    'amp'       =>   '&',        #   ampersand
    'lt'        =>   '<', #   left chevron, less-than
    'gt'        =>   '>', #   right chevron, greater-than
    'quot'      =>   '"',    #   double quote
    'sol'       =>   '/',    #   forward slash / solidus
    'verbar'    =>   '|',    #   vertical bar
    "Aacute"    =>   "A\\*'",        #   capital A, acute accent
    # etc
);
%HTML_2_Latin_1 = (
    'amp'       =>   '&',        #   ampersand
    'lt'        =>   '<', #   left chevron, less-than
    'gt'        =>   '>', #   right chevron, greater-than
    'quot'      =>   '"',    #   double quote
    'sol'       =>   '/',    #   Forward slash / solidus
    'verbar'    =>   '|',    #   vertical bar
    #                           #   capital A, acute accent
    "Aacute"    =>   chr utf8::unicode_to_native(0xC1)
    # etc
);
%HTML_2_ASCII_7 = (
    'amp'       =>   '&',        #   ampersand
    'lt'        =>   '<', #   left chevron, less-than
    'gt'        =>   '>', #   right chevron, greater-than
    'quot'      =>   '"',    #   double quote
    'sol'       =>   '/',    #   Forward slash / solidus
    'verbar'    =>   '|',    #   vertical bar
    "Aacute"    =>   "A"     #   capital A, acute accent
    # etc
);
our %HTML_Escapes;
*HTML_Escapes = do {
    if ($standalone) {
        $PRETTY ? \%HTML_2_Latin_1 : \%HTML_2_ASCII_7; 
    } else {
        \%HTML_2_Latin_1; 
    }
}; 
*THITHER = $standalone ? *STDOUT : *STDERR;
my %transfmt = (); 
my $transmo = <<EOFUNC;
sub transmo {
    #local \$^W = 0;  # recursive warnings we do NOT need!
EOFUNC
my %msg;
my $over_level = 0;     # We look only at =item lines at the first =over level
{
    print STDERR "FINISHING COMPILATION for $_\n" if $DEBUG;
    local $/ = '';
    local $_;
    my $header;
    my @headers;
    my $for_item;
    my $seen_body;
    while (<POD_DIAG>) {
        sub _split_pod_link {
            $_[0] =~ m'(?:([^|]*)\|)?([^/]*)(?:/("?)(.*)\3)?'s;
            ($1,$2,$4);
        }
        unescape();
        if ($PRETTY) {
            sub noop   { return $_[0] }  # spensive for a noop
            sub bold   { my $str =$_[0];  $str =~ s/(.)/$1\b$1/g; return $str; } 
            sub italic { my $str = $_[0]; $str =~ s/(.)/_\b$1/g;  return $str; } 
            s/C<<< (.*?) >>>|C<< (.*?) >>|[BC]<(.*?)>/bold($+)/ges;
            s/[IF]<(.*?)>/italic($1)/ges;
            s/L<(.*?)>/
               my($text,$page,$sect) = _split_pod_link($1);
               defined $text
                ? $text
                : defined $sect
                   ? italic($sect) . ' in ' . italic($page)
                   : italic($page)
             /ges;
             s/S<(.*?)>/
               $1
             /ges;
        } else {
            s/C<<< (.*?) >>>|C<< (.*?) >>|[BC]<(.*?)>/$+/gs;
            s/[IF]<(.*?)>/$1/gs;
            s/L<(.*?)>/
               my($text,$page,$sect) = _split_pod_link($1);
               defined $text
                ? $text
                : defined $sect
                   ? qq '"$sect" in $page'
                   : $page
             /ges;
            s/S<(.*?)>/
               $1
             /ges;
        } 
        unless (/^=/) {
            if (defined $header) { 
                if ( $header eq 'DESCRIPTION' && 
                    (   /Optional warnings are enabled/ 
                     || /Some of these messages are generic./
                    ) )
                {
                    next;
                }
                $_ = expand $_;
                s/^/    /gm;
                $msg{$header} .= $_;
                for my $h(@headers) { $msg{$h} .= $_ }
                ++$seen_body;
                undef $for_item;        
            }
            next;
        } 
        # If we have not come across the body of the description yet, then
        # the previous header needs to share the same description.
        if ($seen_body) {
            @headers = ();
        }
        else {
            push @headers, $header if defined $header;
        }
        if ( ! s/=item (.*?)\s*\z//s || $over_level != 1) {
            if ( s/=head1\sDESCRIPTION//) {
                $msg{$header = 'DESCRIPTION'} = '';
                undef $for_item;
            }
            elsif( s/^=for\s+diagnostics\s*\n(.*?)\s*\z// ) {
                $for_item = $1;
            }
            elsif( /^=over\b/ ) {
                $over_level++;
            }
            elsif( /^=back\b/ ) { # Stop processing body here
                $over_level--;
                if ($over_level == 0) {
                    undef $header;
                    undef $for_item;
                    $seen_body = 0;
                    next;
                }
            }
            next;
        }
        if( $for_item ) { $header = $for_item; undef $for_item } 
        else {
            $header = $1;
            $header =~ s/\n/ /gs; # Allow multi-line headers
        }
        # strip formatting directives from =item line
        $header =~ s/[A-Z]<(.*?)>/$1/g;
        # Since we strip "(\.\s*)\n" when we search a warning, strip it here as well
        $header =~ s/(\.\s*)?$//;
        my @toks = split( /(%l?[dxX]|%[ucp]|%(?:\.\d+)?[fs])/, $header );
        if (@toks > 1) {
            my $conlen = 0;
            for my $i (0..$#toks){
                if( $i % 2 ){
                    if(      $toks[$i] eq '%c' ){
                        $toks[$i] = '.';
                    } elsif( $toks[$i] =~ /^%(?:d|u)$/ ){
                        $toks[$i] = '\d+';
                    } elsif( $toks[$i] =~ '^%(?:s|.*f)$' ){
                        $toks[$i] = $i == $#toks ? '.*' : '.*?';
                    } elsif( $toks[$i] =~ '%.(\d+)s' ){
                        $toks[$i] = ".{$1}";
                    } elsif( $toks[$i] =~ '^%l*([pxX])$' ){
                        $toks[$i] = $1 eq 'X' ? '[\dA-F]+' : '[\da-f]+';
                    }
                } elsif( length( $toks[$i] ) ){
                    $toks[$i] = quotemeta $toks[$i];
                    $conlen += length( $toks[$i] );
                }
            }  
            my $lhs = join( '', @toks );
            $lhs =~ s/(\\\s)+/\\s+/g; # Replace lit space with multi-space match
            $transfmt{$header}{pat} =
              "    s^\\s*$lhs\\s*\Q$header\Es\n\t&& return 1;\n";
            $transfmt{$header}{len} = $conlen;
        } else {
            my $lhs = "\Q$header\E";
            $lhs =~ s/(\\\s)+/\\s+/g; # Replace lit space with multi-space match
            $transfmt{$header}{pat} =
              "    s^\\s*$lhs\\s*\Q$header\E\n\t && return 1;\n";
            $transfmt{$header}{len} = length( $header );
        } 
        print STDERR __PACKAGE__.": Duplicate entry: \"$header\"\n"
            if $msg{$header};
        $msg{$header} = '';
        $seen_body = 0;
    } 
    close POD_DIAG unless *main::DATA eq *POD_DIAG;
    die "No diagnostics?" unless %msg;
    # Apply patterns in order of decreasing sum of lengths of fixed parts
    # Seems the best way of hitting the right one.
    for my $hdr ( sort { $transfmt{$b}{len} <=> $transfmt{$a}{len} }
                  keys %transfmt ){
        $transmo .= $transfmt{$hdr}{pat};
    }
    $transmo .= "    return 0;\n}\n";
    print STDERR $transmo if $DEBUG;
    eval $transmo;
    die $@ if $@;
}
if ($standalone) {
    if (!@ARGV and -t STDIN) { print STDERR "$0: Reading from STDIN\n" } 
    while (defined (my $error = <>)) {
        splainthis($error) || print THITHER $error;
    } 
    exit;
} 
my $olddie;
my $oldwarn;
sub import {
    shift;
    $^W = 1; # yup, clobbered the global variable; 
             # tough, if you want diags, you want diags.
    return if defined $SIG{__WARN__} && ($SIG{__WARN__} eq \&warn_trap);
    for (@_) {
        /^-d(ebug)?$/           && do {
                                    $DEBUG++;
                                    next;
                                   };
        /^-v(erbose)?$/         && do {
                                    $VERBOSE++;
                                    next;
                                   };
        /^-p(retty)?$/          && do {
                                    print STDERR "$0: I'm afraid it's too late for prettiness.\n";
                                    $PRETTY++;
                                    next;
                               };
        # matches trace and traceonly for legacy doc mixup reasons
        /^-t(race(only)?)?$/    && do {
                                    $TRACEONLY++;
                                    next;
                               };
        /^-w(arntrace)?$/       && do {
                                    $WARNTRACE++;
                                    next;
                               };
        warn "Unknown flag: $_";
    } 
    $oldwarn = $SIG{__WARN__};
    $olddie = $SIG{__DIE__};
    $SIG{__WARN__} = \&warn_trap;
    $SIG{__DIE__} = \&death_trap;
} 
sub enable { &import }
sub disable {
    shift;
    return unless $SIG{__WARN__} eq \&warn_trap;
    $SIG{__WARN__} = $oldwarn || '';
    $SIG{__DIE__} = $olddie || '';
} 
sub warn_trap {
    my $warning = $_[0];
    if (caller eq __PACKAGE__ or !splainthis($warning)) {
        if ($WARNTRACE) {
            print STDERR Carp::longmess($warning);
        } else {
            print STDERR $warning;
        }
    } 
    goto &$oldwarn if defined $oldwarn and $oldwarn and $oldwarn ne \&warn_trap;
};
sub death_trap {
    my $exception = $_[0];
    # See if we are coming from anywhere within an eval. If so we don't
    # want to explain the exception because it's going to get caught.
    my $in_eval = 0;
    my $i = 0;
    while (my $caller = (caller($i++))[3]) {
      if ($caller eq '(eval)') {
        $in_eval = 1;
        last;
      }
    }
    splainthis($exception) unless $in_eval;
    if (caller eq __PACKAGE__) {
        print STDERR "INTERNAL EXCEPTION: $exception";
    } 
    &$olddie if defined $olddie and $olddie and $olddie ne \&death_trap;
    return if $in_eval;
    # We don't want to unset these if we're coming from an eval because
    # then we've turned off diagnostics.
    # Switch off our die/warn handlers so we don't wind up in our own
    # traps.
    $SIG{__DIE__} = $SIG{__WARN__} = '';
    $exception =~ s/\n(?=.)/\n\t/gas;
    die Carp::longmess("__diagnostics__")
          =~ s/^__diagnostics__.*?line \d+\.?\n/
                  "Uncaught exception from user code:\n\t$exception"
              /re;
        # up we go; where we stop, nobody knows, but i think we die now
        # but i'm deeply afraid of the &$olddie guy reraising and us getting
        # into an indirect recursion loop
};
my %exact_duplicate;
my %old_diag;
my $count;
my $wantspace;
sub splainthis {
  return 0 if $TRACEONLY;
  for (my $tmp = shift) {
    local $\;
    local $!;
    ### &finish_compilation unless %msg;
    s/(\.\s*)?\n+$//;
    my $orig = $_;
    # return unless defined;
    # get rid of the where-are-we-in-input part
    s/, <.*?> (?:line|chunk).*$//;
    # Discard 1st " at <file> line <no>" and all text beyond
    # but be aware of messages containing " at this-or-that"
    my $real = 0;
    my @secs = split( / at / );
    return unless @secs;
    $_ = $secs[0];
    for my $i ( 1..$#secs ){
        if( $secs[$i] =~ /.+? (?:line|chunk) \d+/ ){
            $real = 1;
            last;
        } else {
            $_ .= ' at ' . $secs[$i];
        }
    }
    # remove parenthesis occurring at the end of some messages 
    s/^\((.*)\)$/$1/;
    if ($exact_duplicate{$orig}++) {
        return &transmo;
    } else {
        return 0 unless &transmo;
    }
    my $short = shorten($orig);
    if ($old_diag{$_}) {
        autodescribe();
        print THITHER "$short (#$old_diag{$_})\n";
        $wantspace = 1;
    } elsif (!$msg{$_} && $orig =~ /\n./s) {
        # A multiline message, like "Attempt to reload /
        # Compilation failed"
        my $found;
        for (split /^/, $orig) {
            splainthis($_) and $found = 1;
        }
        return $found;
    } else {
        autodescribe();
        $old_diag{$_} = ++$count;
        print THITHER "\n" if $wantspace;
        $wantspace = 0;
        print THITHER "$short (#$old_diag{$_})\n";
        if ($msg{$_}) {
            print THITHER $msg{$_};
        } else {
            if (0 and $standalone) { 
                print THITHER "    **** Error #$old_diag{$_} ",
                        ($real ? "is" : "appears to be"),
                        " an unknown diagnostic message.\n\n";
            }
            return 0;
        } 
    }
    return 1;
  }
} 
sub autodescribe {
    if ($VERBOSE and not $count) {
        print THITHER &{$PRETTY ? \&bold : \&noop}("DESCRIPTION OF DIAGNOSTICS"),
                "\n$msg{DESCRIPTION}\n";
    } 
} 
sub unescape { 
    s {
            E<  
            ( [A-Za-z]+ )       
            >   
    } { 
         do {   
             exists $HTML_Escapes{$1}
                ? do { $HTML_Escapes{$1} }
                : do {
                    warn "Unknown escape: E<$1> in $_";
                    "E<$1>";
                } 
         } 
    }egx;
}
sub shorten {
    my $line = $_[0];
    if (length($line) > 79 and index($line, "\n") == -1) {
        my $space_place = rindex($line, ' ', 79);
        if ($space_place != -1) {
            substr($line, $space_place, 1) = "\n\t";
        } 
    } 
    return $line;
} 
1 unless $standalone;  # or it'll complain about itself
__END__ # wish diag dbase were more accessible